{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T14:13:40Z","timestamp":1780496020508,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,8]],"date-time":"2021-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620432000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"https:\/\/www.gohi.online\/GOHI\/EN\/Home\/Homepage_node.html","award":["none available"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["none available"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The increase in infections with multidrug-resistant and virulent Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) strains poses a serious threat to public health. However, environmental reservoirs and routes of transmission for Klebsiella spp. that cause infections in humans and in livestock animals are not well understood. In this study, we aimed to analyze the distribution of antibiotic resistance genes and important virulence determinants (ybt, clb, iro, iuc, rmpA\/A2) among 94 Klebsiella spp. isolates from different animal and food sources isolated between 2013 and 2017 in Germany. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed, and the genomes were sequenced by Illumina and Nanopore technology. Genetic relationships were assessed by conducting core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST). Kleborate was used to predict resistance and virulence genes; Kaptive was used to derive the capsule types. The results revealed that 72 isolates (76.6%) belonged to the K. pneumoniae sensu lato complex. Within this complex, 44 known sequence types (STs), 18 new STs, and 38 capsule types were identified. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) genes were detected in 16 isolates (17.0%) and colistin resistance in one (1.1%) K. pneumoniae isolate. Virulence genes were found in 22 K. pneumoniae isolates. Overall, nine (9.6%) and 18 (19.1%) isolates possessed the genes ybt and iuc, respectively. Notably, aerobactin (iuc lineage 3) was only detected in K. pneumoniae isolates from domestic pigs and wild boars. This study provides a snapshot of the genetic diversity of Klebsiella spp. in animals and food products in Germany. The siderophore aerobactin was found to be more prevalent in K. pneumoniae strains isolated from pigs than other sources. Further investigations are needed to evaluate if pigs constitute a reservoir for iuc lineage 3.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10050573","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,10]],"date-time":"2021-05-10T02:54:58Z","timestamp":1620615298000},"page":"573","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Genome-Based Analysis of Klebsiella spp. Isolates from Animals and Food Products in Germany, 2013\u20132017"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Kathleen","family":"Klaper","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division Nosocomial Pathogens and Antibiotic Resistances, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode Branch, 38855 Wernigerode, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6930-4358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jens Andre","family":"Hammerl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit Epidemiology, Zoonoses and Antimicrobial Resistance, Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (Bundesinstitut f\u00fcr Risikobewertung [BfR]), 12277 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1213-3586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00f6rg","family":"Rau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical and Veterinary Analysis Agency (CVUAS) Stuttgart, 70736 Fellbach, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yvonne","family":"Pfeifer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division Nosocomial Pathogens and Antibiotic Resistances, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode Branch, 38855 Wernigerode, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guido","family":"Werner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division Nosocomial Pathogens and Antibiotic Resistances, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode Branch, 38855 Wernigerode, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.11.4.589","article-title":"Klebsiella spp. as nosocomial pathogens: Epidemiology, taxonomy, typing methods, and pathogenicity factors","volume":"11","author":"Podschun","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin. 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