{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T07:58:58Z","timestamp":1776326338900,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,24]],"date-time":"2021-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621814400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008903","name":"Ministry of Health and Welfare","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOHW105-CDC-C-114-122113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOHW105-CDC-C-114-122113"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008903","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["MOST 108-2321-B-006-004 and 109-2314-B-006-089-MY"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 108-2321-B-006-004 and 109-2314-B-006-089-MY"]}]},{"name":"National Cheng Kung University Hospital","award":["NCKUH-11004029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NCKUH-11004029"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Oral vancomycin and metronidazole, though they are the therapeutic choice for Clostridioides difficile infections (CDIs), also markedly disturb microbiota, leading to a prolonged loss of colonization resistance to C. difficile after therapy; as a result, their use is associated with a high treatment failure rate and high recurrent rate. An alternative for CDIs therapy contains the delivery of beneficial (probiotic) microorganisms into the intestinal tract to restore the microbial balance. Recently, mixture regimens containing Lactobacillus species, Saccharomyces boulardii, or Clostridium butyricum have been extensively studied for the prophylaxis of CDIs. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), the transfer of (processed) fecal material from healthy donors to patients for treating CDIs, combined with vancomycin was recommended as the primary therapy for multiple recurrent CDIs (rCDIs). Either probiotics or FMT have been utilized extensively in preventing or treating CDIs, aiming at less disturbance in the microbiota to prevent rCDIs after therapy cessation. Otherwise, many newly developed therapeutic agents have been developed and aim to preserve microbiota during CDI treatment to prevent disease recurrence and might be useful in clinical patients with rCDIs in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10060649","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,24]],"date-time":"2021-05-24T23:35:05Z","timestamp":1621899305000},"page":"649","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Application of Microbiome Management in Therapy for Clostridioides difficile Infections: From Fecal Microbiota Transplantation to Probiotics to Microbiota-Preserving Antimicrobial Agents"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Chun-Wei","family":"Chiu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Tainan Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Tainan 700, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pei-Jane","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Medical College, Tainan 704, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4949-2742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ching-Chi","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Medicine Research Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan 704, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7497-149X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wen-Chien","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan 704, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1006-705X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuan-Pin","family":"Hung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Tainan Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Tainan 700, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan 704, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e32818be71d","article-title":"Clostridium difficile: Changing epidemiology and new treatment options","volume":"20","author":"Kuijper","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. 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