{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T12:14:42Z","timestamp":1773663282481,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,30]],"date-time":"2021-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622332800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universidad Ju\u00e1rez del Estado de Durango","award":["No grant number"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No grant number"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to determine the association between suicidal behavior and T. gondii seroreactivity in 2045 patients attending primary care clinics. IgG antibodies against T. gondii were found in 37 (12.1%) out of 306 individuals with a history of suicidal ideation and in 134 (7.7%) of 1739 individuals without this history (OR: 1.64; 95% CI: 1.11\u20132.42; p = 0.01). Seropositivity to T. gondii was associated with suicidal ideation in women (OR: 1.56; 95% CI: 1.01\u20132.42; p = 0.03) and individuals aged \u226430 years (OR: 3.25; 95% CI: 1.53\u20136.88; p = 0.001). No association between the rates of high (&gt;150 IU\/mL) levels of anti-T. gondii IgG antibodies and suicidal ideation or suicide attempts was found. IgG antibodies against T. gondii were found in 22 of 185 (11.9%) individuals with a history of suicide attempts and in 149 (8.0%) of 1860 individuals without this history (OR: 1.54; 95% CI: 0.96\u20132.49; p = 0.06). The seroprevalence of T. gondii infection was associated with suicide attempts in individuals aged 31\u201350 years (OR: 2.01; 95% CI: 1.09\u20133.71; p = 0.02), and with more than three suicide attempts (OR: 4.02; 95% CI: 1.34\u201312.03; p = 0.008). Our results indicate that T. gondii exposure is associated with suicidal behavior among patients attending primary care clinics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10060677","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,31]],"date-time":"2021-05-31T01:51:37Z","timestamp":1622425897000},"page":"677","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Association between Toxoplasma gondii Exposure and Suicidal Behavior in Patients Attending Primary Health Care Clinics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0367-6052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cosme","family":"Alvarado-Esquivel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Nutrition, Ju\u00e1rez University of Durango State, Avenida Universidad S\/N, Durango 34000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Estrada-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Scientific Research \u201cDr Roberto Rivera-Damm\u201d, Ju\u00e1rez University of Durango State, Avenida Universidad S\/N, Durango 34000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Agar","family":"Ramos-Nev\u00e1rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cl\u00ednica de Medicina Familiar, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Predio Canoas S\/N, Durango 34079, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alma Rosa","family":"P\u00e9rez-\u00c1lamos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Scientific Research \u201cDr Roberto Rivera-Damm\u201d, Ju\u00e1rez University of Durango State, Avenida Universidad S\/N, Durango 34000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Beristain-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Enfermer\u00eda y Obstetricia Ju\u00e1rez University of Durango State, Blvd, Juan Pablo II 512, Durango 34000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u00c1ngel Osvaldo","family":"Alvarado-F\u00e9lix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Nutrition, Ju\u00e1rez University of Durango State, Avenida Universidad S\/N, Durango 34000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sandra Margarita","family":"Cerrillo-Soto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cl\u00ednica de Medicina Familiar, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Predio Canoas S\/N, Durango 34079, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Sifuentes-\u00c1lvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Nutrition, Ju\u00e1rez University of Durango State, Avenida Universidad S\/N, Durango 34000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gustavo Alexis","family":"Alvarado-F\u00e9lix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Nutrition, Ju\u00e1rez University of Durango State, Avenida Universidad S\/N, Durango 34000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlos Alberto","family":"Guido-Arreola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cl\u00ednica de Medicina Familiar, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Predio Canoas S\/N, Durango 34079, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leandro","family":"Saenz-Soto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cl\u00ednica de Medicina Familiar, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Predio Canoas S\/N, Durango 34079, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-animal-081720-111125","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis: Recent Advances in Understanding the Link between Infection and Host Behavior","volume":"9","author":"Johnson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annu. 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