{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T09:43:55Z","timestamp":1790761435571,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,4]],"date-time":"2021-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The objective of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of early administration of oral corticosteroids (OC) or nasal corticosteroids (NC) as an add-on to olfactory training (OT) versus OT alone in patients with olfactory dysfunction (OD) related to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Methods: Patients with a positive diagnosis of COVID-19 and OD were prospectively recruited from March 22 to December 15, 2020 from 4 European hospitals. Patients had confirmed OD on psychophysical testing. All patients undertook OT, with add-on 10 days of OC (group 1: OC + OT), or 1 month of NC (group 2: NC + OT) or olfactory training alone (group 3: OT). Olfactory evaluations (Sniffin\u2019Sticks tests) were carried out at the time of inclusion, 1 and 2 months after the start of the therapeutic course. Results: A total of 152 hyposmic or anosmic patients completed the study. Group 1, 2 and 3 included 59, 22 and 71 patients, respectively and all patient groups were comparable regarding baseline Sniffin\u2019Sticks tests. The median Sniffin\u2019Sticks test values significantly improved from pre- to post-intervention in all groups. The increase of Sniffin\u2019Sticks test values was higher in group 1 (OC + OT) compared with groups 2 and 3 (p &lt; 0.001) at one month after treatment but did not remain so at 2 months. Groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively, presented parosmia in 20\/71 (28.2%), 9\/22 (40.9%) and 42\/71 (59.2%) patients. This difference was statistically significant between group 1 and 3 (p &lt; 0.001). There were no patients with a worsening of the disease or an increase of the severity of the COVID-19 symptoms. Conclusions: The use of OCs in patients with OD related to mild COVID-19 is generally well-tolerated without any case of deterioration of symptoms. OC is associated with greater improvement in psychophysical olfactory evaluations at 1-month post-treatment but there was no difference at 2 months. Parosmia may be reduced following treatment with OC and NC. On the basis of these preliminary results, it is possible to state that considering the 2 months efficacy of OC and NC with respect to the OT alone and the risk-benefit ratio, the benefit to start a specific treatment of COVID-19 related OD cannot be demonstrated and there is a need for a randomised controlled trial to assess this further.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10060698","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,7]],"date-time":"2021-06-07T01:56:40Z","timestamp":1623031000000},"page":"698","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Short-Term Efficacy and Safety of Oral and Nasal Corticosteroids in COVID-19 Patients with Olfactory Dysfunction: A European Multicenter Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3655-1854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sven","family":"Saussez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), 75000 Paris, France"},{"name":"Department of Human and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine UMONS Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMons), 7000 Mons, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, CHU de Bruxelles, CHU Saint-Pierre, School of Medicine, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, 1000 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, EpiCURA Hospital, 7331 Baudour, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7789-145X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi","family":"Vaira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), 75000 Paris, France"},{"name":"Maxillofacial Surgery Operative Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"},{"name":"Biomedical Science Department, PhD School of Biomedical Science, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9454-9464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Chiesa-Estomba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), 75000 Paris, France"},{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Hospital Universitario Donostia, 20009 San Sebastian, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serge","family":"Le Bon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), 75000 Paris, France"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, EpiCURA Hospital, 7331 Baudour, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mihaela","family":"Horoi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), 75000 Paris, France"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, EpiCURA Hospital, 7331 Baudour, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1151-6830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanna","family":"Deiana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Direction, Hygiene and Hospital Infection Control Operative Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marzia","family":"Petrocelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maxillofacial Surgery Operative Unit, Bellaria and Maggiore Hospital, AUSL, 40100 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Boelpaep","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine UMONS Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMons), 7000 Mons, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3947-8733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Salzano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maxillofacial Surgery Operative Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"},{"name":"Maxillofacial Surgery Operative Unit, University Hospital of Naples \u201cFederico II\u201d, 80100 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamad","family":"Khalife","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), 75000 Paris, France"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, EpiCURA Hospital, 7331 Baudour, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephane","family":"Hans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), 75000 Paris, France"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Foch Hospital, School of Medicine, UFR Simone Veil, Universit\u00e9 Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (Paris Saclay University), 92150 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giacomo","family":"De Riu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), 75000 Paris, France"},{"name":"Maxillofacial Surgery Operative Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3993-1569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claire","family":"Hopkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guy\u2019s and St Thomas NHS Foundation Trust, London E17AF, UK"},{"name":"British Rhinological Society (President), London E17AF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0845-0845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jerome","family":"Lechien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), 75000 Paris, France"},{"name":"Department of Human and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine UMONS Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMons), 7000 Mons, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Foch Hospital, School of Medicine, UFR Simone Veil, Universit\u00e9 Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (Paris Saclay University), 92150 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2021, March 17). 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