{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T20:04:04Z","timestamp":1791835444049,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]],"date-time":"2021-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Preterm labor is defined as a birth before 37 weeks of gestation and occurs in 5\u201320% of pregnancies. Preterm labor, as multifactorial entity associated with a high risk of neonatal morbidity and mortality, is influenced by maternal, fetal and environmental factors. Microbiological studies suggest that infectious pathogens may account for 25\u201340% of preterm birth. Infections of different sites, like genital, urinary tract infections, and pneumonia, are linked to the preterm labor. The most recent epidemiological studies consistently report that maternal periodontal disease is associated with preterm delivery, as well as the association between the presence of pathogenic oral bacteria in the placenta and adverse pregnancy outcomes. On the other hand, some previously published papers found periodontal bacteria in placentas of term pregnancies. In spite of a huge research done on the topic, both experimental and clinical, there are many controversial opinions about the role of periodontal infections in preterm birth. Thus, this comprehensive review addresses this very important topic and evaluates novel strategies of preventive and therapeutic approaches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10060730","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]],"date-time":"2021-06-09T14:16:04Z","timestamp":1623248164000},"page":"730","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Periodontal Pathogens and Preterm Birth: Current Knowledge and Further Interventions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3914-5154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milan","family":"Terzic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan"},{"name":"Clinical Academic Department of Women\u2019s Health, National Research Center of Mother and Child Health, University Medical Center, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2868-4497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gulzhanat","family":"Aimagambetova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanja","family":"Terzic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milena","family":"Radunovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gauri","family":"Bapayeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Academic Department of Women\u2019s Health, National Research Center of Mother and Child Health, University Medical Center, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1543-2802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio Simone","family":"Lagan\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, \u201cFilippo Del Ponte\u201d Hospital, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1251816","article-title":"Preterm labor: One syndrome, many causes","volume":"345","author":"Romero","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists\u2019 Committee on Practice Bulletins\u2014Obstetrics (2016). Practice Bulletin No. 171: Management of Preterm Labor. Obs. Gynecol., 128, e155\u2013e164.","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000001711"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4870938","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/4870938","article-title":"Preterm Labor: Up to Date","volume":"2019","author":"Daskalakis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11476-0","article-title":"Preterm delivery","volume":"360","author":"Slattery","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60074-4","article-title":"Epidemiology and causes of preterm birth","volume":"371","author":"Goldenberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0903-2671","article-title":"Prevention and Therapy of Preterm Birth. Guideline of the DGGG, OEGGG and SGGG (S2k Level, AWMF Registry Number 015\/025, February 2019)\u2014Part 1 with Recommendations on the Epidemiology, Etiology, Prediction, Primary and Secondary Prevention of Preterm Birth","volume":"79","author":"Berger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00139","article-title":"Role of Maternal Periodontitis in Preterm Birth","volume":"8","author":"Ren","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2017.11.007","article-title":"Screening for spontaneous preterm birth and resultant therapies to reduce neonatal morbidity and mortality: A review","volume":"23","author":"Glover","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin. Fetal Neonatal. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12295","article-title":"Periodontal diseases and adverse pregnancy outcomes: Mechanisms","volume":"83","author":"Figuero","year":"2020","journal-title":"Periodontol 2000"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2020.03.006","article-title":"Association of periodontitis with pre term low birth weight\u2014A review","volume":"95","author":"Jajoo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/mrdd.10008","article-title":"Intrauterine infection and prematurity","volume":"8","author":"Chaiworapongsa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ment. Retard. Dev. Disabil. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2006.01120.x","article-title":"The preterm parturition syndrome","volume":"113","author":"Romero","year":"2006","journal-title":"BJOG Int. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2005.00584.x","article-title":"Secondary predictors of preterm labour","volume":"112","author":"Leitich","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(13)90489-0","article-title":"Systemic and local cytokine profiles in endotoxin-induced preterm parturition in mice","volume":"170","author":"Fidel","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.103.019620","article-title":"Bacterially-Induced Preterm Labor and Regulation of Prostaglandin-Metabolizing Enzyme Expression in Mice: The Role of Toll-Like Receptor 41","volume":"69","author":"Wang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5958","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.11.5958-5966.1999","article-title":"Experimental gestational pyelonephritis induces preterm births and low birth weights in C3H\/HeJ mice","volume":"67","author":"Kaul","year":"1999","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1097\/01.grf.0000141894.85221.f7","article-title":"Maternal periodontal infections, prematurity, and growth restriction","volume":"47","author":"Offenbacher","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000190212.87012.96","article-title":"Progressive Periodontal Disease and Risk of Very Preterm Delivery","volume":"107","author":"Offenbacher","year":"2006","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"CD000490","article-title":"Antibiotics for asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy","volume":"11","author":"Smaill","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.13687","article-title":"Maternal and perinatal complications in pregnant women with urinary tract infection caused by Escherichia coli","volume":"44","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200005183422007","article-title":"Intrauterine Infection and Preterm Delivery","volume":"342","author":"Goldenberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.04.029","article-title":"Placental colonization with periodontal pathogens: The potential missing link","volume":"221","author":"Fischer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgyn.2016.09.014","article-title":"Vaginose bact\u00e9rienne et pr\u00e9maturit\u00e9 spontan\u00e9e [Bacterial vaginosis and spontaneous preterm birth]","volume":"45","author":"Brabant","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Gynecol. Obstet. Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2141","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32115-9","article-title":"Treatment of bacterial vaginosis to prevent preterm birth","volume":"392","author":"Klebanoff","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2005.04.006","article-title":"Maternal Infection and Adverse Fetal and Neonatal Outcomes","volume":"32","author":"Goldenberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0095-5108(18)30182-9","article-title":"Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Adverse Outcomes of Pregnancy","volume":"24","author":"Goldenberg","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S164","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2013.1340016","article-title":"Periodontitis and adverse pregnancy outcomes: Consensus report of the Joint EFP\/AAP Workshop on Periodontitis and Systemic Diseases","volume":"84","author":"Sanz","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1790","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2010.100147","article-title":"Periodontal Status and Neutrophilic Enzyme Levels in Gingival Crevicular Fluid During Pregnancy and Postpartum","volume":"81","author":"Gursoy","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moosa, Y., Kwon, D., De Oliveira, T., and Wong, E.B. (2020). Determinants of Vaginal Microbiota Composition. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00467"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.4274\/jtgga.galenos.2018.2018.0139","article-title":"Oral care in pregnancy","volume":"20","author":"Yenen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Turk. Gynecol. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Ioannidou, E., and Robinson, P.J. (2009). Influence of Pregnancy on the Oral Cavity. Glob. Libr. Women\u2019s Med."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"1139","article-title":"Oral health during pregnancy","volume":"77","author":"Silk","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"1103","article-title":"Periodontal infection as a possible risk factor for preterm low birth weight","volume":"67","author":"Offenbacher","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002","DOI":"10.1590\/1807-3107bor-2018.vol32.0002","article-title":"Oral health related quality of life among pregnant women: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"32","author":"Musskopf","year":"2018","journal-title":"Braz. Oral Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2011.3023","article-title":"Periodontal Disease and Pregnancy Outcomes: Time to Move On?","volume":"21","author":"Srinivas","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Women\u2019s Health"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103293","article-title":"Oral microbiome and pregnancy: A bidirectional relationship","volume":"145","author":"Saadaoui","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"10","article-title":"Periodontal Disease and Pregnancy Outcomes: Overview of Systematic Reviews","volume":"3","author":"Daalderop","year":"2018","journal-title":"JDR Clin. Trans. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"e776","article-title":"Detection of periodontal pathogens in mothers of preterm birth and\/or low weight","volume":"24","author":"Calixto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Oral Patol. Oral Cir. Bucal"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S173","DOI":"10.1002\/JPER.17-0721","article-title":"Periodontitis: Consensus report of workgroup 2 of the 2017 World Workshop on the Classification of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases and Conditions","volume":"89","author":"Papapanou","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2008.01278.x","article-title":"Periodontal diseases and health: Consensus Report of the Sixth European Workshop on Periodontology","volume":"35","author":"Kinane","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0b013e3282f824b7","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus and inflammatory periodontal diseases","volume":"15","author":"Mealey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Endocrinol. Diabetes Obes."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.10980","article-title":"The presence of periopathogenic bacteria in subgingival and atherosclerotic plaques\u2013An age related comparative analysis","volume":"12","author":"Kannosh","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dev. Count."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.06.037","article-title":"The prevalence and incidence of coronary heart disease is significantly increased in periodontitis: A meta-analysis","volume":"154","author":"Bahekar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034513483142","article-title":"Periodontal disease and rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic review","volume":"92","author":"Kaur","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Dental Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Whitmore, S.E., and Lamont, R.J. (2014). Oral Bacteria and Cancer. PLoS Pathog., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003933"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0757.1997.tb00191.x","article-title":"The host response to the microbial challenge in periodontitis: Assembling the players","volume":"14","author":"Kornman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Periodontol. 2000"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2041-1014.2012.00663.x","article-title":"Beyond the red complex and into more complexity: The polymicrobial synergy and dysbiosis (PSD) model of periodontal disease etiology","volume":"27","author":"Hajishengallis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Oral Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12136","article-title":"The subgingival periodontal microbiota of the aging mouth","volume":"72","author":"Feres","year":"2016","journal-title":"Periodontol. 2000"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12101","article-title":"Analysis of matrix metalloproteinases, especially MMP-8, in gingival crevicular fluid, mouthrinse and saliva for monitoring periodontal diseases","volume":"70","author":"Sorsa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Periodontol. 2000"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caneiro-Queija, L., L\u00f3pez-Carral, J., Martin-Lancharro, P., Limeres-Posse, J., Diz-Dios, P., and Blanco-Carrion, J. (2019). Non-Surgical Treatment of Periodontal Disease in a Pregnant Caucasian Women Population: Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes of a Randomized Clinical Trial. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16193638"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"47","article-title":"Periodontal disease and poor obstetrical outcome","volume":"31","author":"Carta","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2144","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2005.76.11-S.2144","article-title":"Periodontal Therapy Reduces the Rate of Preterm Low Birth Weight in Women with Pregnancy-Associated Gingivitis","volume":"76","author":"Ipinza","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.12024","article-title":"Association between periodontal status and pre-term and\/or low-birth weight in Spain: Clinical and microbiological parameters","volume":"48","author":"Cruz","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Periodontal Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2017.1293023","article-title":"Association of periodontitis with preterm birth and low birth weight: A comprehensive review","volume":"31","author":"Puertas","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Materm. Fetal Neonatal. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3181b1341f","article-title":"Effects of Periodontal Therapy on Rate of Preterm Delivery","volume":"114","author":"Offenbacher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2011.01761.x","article-title":"Evidence grade associating periodontitis with preterm birth and\/or low birth weight: II. A systematic review of randomized trials evaluating the effects of periodontal treatment","volume":"38","author":"Chambrone","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e105","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2020.35.e105","article-title":"Determinants of Spontaneous Preterm Labor and Birth Including Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease and Periodontitis","volume":"35","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Korean Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1111\/omi.12227","article-title":"Periodontal infection with Porphyromonas gingivalis induces preterm birth and lower birth weight in rats","volume":"33","author":"Liang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Oral Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebdp.2017.10.011","article-title":"An Umbrella Review Exploring the Effect of Periodontal Treatment in Pregnant Women on the Frequency of Adverse Obstetric Outcomes","volume":"18","author":"Botero","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. E\u0301vid. Based Dent. Pract."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3401","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2018.1464554","article-title":"Maternal periodontal disease and adverse perinatal outcomes: Is there an association? A hospital-based case-control study","volume":"32","author":"Casarin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Matern. Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1111\/adj.12623","article-title":"Pregnancy, parity and periodontal disease","volume":"63","author":"Morelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aust. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7027683","article-title":"Periodontal Disease, Inflammatory Cytokines, and PGE2 in Pregnant Patients at Risk of Preterm Delivery: A Pilot Study","volume":"2018","author":"Uriza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ao, M., Miyauchi, M., Furusho, H., Inubushi, T., Kitagawa, M., Nagasaki, A., Sakamoto, S., Kozai, K., and Takata, T. (2015). Dental Infection of Porphyromonas gingivalis Induces Preterm Birth in Mice. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0137249"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.13782","article-title":"Periodontal diseases and adverse pregnancy outcomes","volume":"45","author":"Aizawa","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-013-0952-0","article-title":"The potential association between gingival crevicular fluid inflammatory mediators and adverse pregnancy outcomes: A systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Stadelmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-72167-3_2","article-title":"Signalling of toll-like receptors","volume":"183","author":"Brikos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Handb. Exp. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2009.11.003","article-title":"Characterization of the invasive and inflammatory traits of oral Campylobacter rectus in a murine model of fetoplacental growth restriction and in trophoblast cultures","volume":"84","author":"Arce","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1007\/s13238-018-0548-1","article-title":"Oral microbiomes: More and more importance in oral cavity and whole body","volume":"9","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Protein Cell"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1111\/cdoe.12450","article-title":"Maternal periodontitis and preterm birth: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"47","author":"Quesada","year":"2019","journal-title":"Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.17116\/stomat20199801170","article-title":"Periodontal diseases and complicated pregnancy","volume":"98","author":"Makeeva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stomatology"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1111\/cdoe.12167","article-title":"Oral health promotion interventions during pregnancy: A systematic review","volume":"43","author":"Vamos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"CD005297","article-title":"Treating periodontal disease for preventing adverse birth outcomes in pregnant women","volume":"6","author":"Middleton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa062249","article-title":"Treatment of Periodontal Disease and the Risk of Preterm Birth","volume":"355","author":"Michalowicz","year":"2006","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyy089","article-title":"Periodontal treatment among mothers with mild to moderate periodontal disease and preterm birth: Reanalysis of OPT trial data accounting for selective survival","volume":"47","author":"Merchant","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/164654","article-title":"Relationship between Periodontal Diseases and Preterm Birth: Recent Epidemiological and Biological Data","volume":"2011","author":"Huck","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pregnancy"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0757.2002.290101.x","article-title":"Global epidemiology of periodontal diseases: An overview","volume":"29","author":"Albandar","year":"2002","journal-title":"Periodontol. 2000"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0757.2011.00411.x","article-title":"Dental management of the female patient","volume":"61","year":"2013","journal-title":"Periodontol. 2000"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lpm.2019.09.020","article-title":"Dents et grossesse, un enjeu de sant\u00e9 publique","volume":"48","author":"Kacet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Presse M\u00e9d."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-019-0409-6","article-title":"Transmission of human-associated microbiota along family and social networks","volume":"4","author":"Brito","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mei, F., Xie, M., Huang, X., Long, Y., Lu, X., Wang, X., and Chen, L. (2020). Porphyromonas gingivalis and Its Systemic Impact: Current Status. Pathogens, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9110944"}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/10\/6\/730\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:12:37Z","timestamp":1760163157000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/10\/6\/730"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens10060730"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens10060730","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]]}}}