{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T19:12:54Z","timestamp":1785265974977,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,11]],"date-time":"2021-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP19fm0108008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP19fm0108008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP20wm0125008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP20wm0125008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Japan International Cooperation Agency within the framework of the Science and Technology Research Partnership for Sustainable Development","award":["JP17jm0110005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP17jm0110005"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rabies remains endemic in Zambia. Despite conducting canine vaccinations in Lusaka district, the vaccination coverage and actual seropositivity in the dog population in Lusaka district are rarely evaluated. This study estimated the seropositivity-based immunization coverage in the owned dog population in Lusaka district using the expanded program on immunization cluster survey method. The time-series trend of neutralizing antibodies against rabies in vaccinated dogs was also evaluated. Of 366 dogs in 200 dog-owning households in Lusaka district, blood samples were collected successfully from 251 dogs. In the sampled dogs, 42.2% (106\/251) had an antibody titer \u22650.5 IU\/mL. When the 115 dogs whose blood was not collected were assumed to be seronegative, the minimum immunization coverage in Lusaka district\u2019s owned dog population was estimated at 29.0% (95% confidence interval: 22.4\u201335.5). It was also found that a single vaccination with certified vaccines is capable of inducing protective levels of antibodies. In contrast, higher antibody titers were observed in multiple-vaccinated dogs than in single-vaccinated dogs, coupled with the observation of a decline in antibody titer over time. These results suggest the importance of continuous booster immunization to maintain herd immunity and provide useful information to plan mass vaccination against rabies in Zambia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10060738","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,11]],"date-time":"2021-06-11T12:44:37Z","timestamp":1623415477000},"page":"738","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Immunization Coverage and Antibody Retention against Rabies in Domestic Dogs in Lusaka District, Zambia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Chiho","family":"Kaneko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Risk Analysis and Management, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, North 20, West 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1607-2175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michihito","family":"Sasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Molecular Pathobiology, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, North 20, West 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryosuke","family":"Omori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Bioinformatics, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, North 20, West 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3105-7603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryo","family":"Nakao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Hokkaido University, North 18, West 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chikako","family":"Kataoka-Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Risk Analysis and Management, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, North 20, West 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ladslav","family":"Moonga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Para-Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Ndebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8874-3965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Walter","family":"Muleya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9423-0816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edgar","family":"Simulundu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"},{"name":"Macha Research Trust, Choma 20100, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard M.","family":"Hang\u2019ombe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Para-Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1308-9318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George","family":"Dautu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Unit, Central Veterinary Research Institute, P.O. Box 33980, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"},{"name":"Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, P.O. Box 50060, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masahiro","family":"Kajihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Global Epidemiology, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, North 20, West 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akina","family":"Mori-Kajihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Global Epidemiology, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, North 20, West 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8621-5472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongjin","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hokudai Center for Zoonosis Control in Zambia, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0296-966X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naoto","family":"Ito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Zoonotic Diseases, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Gifu Prefecture, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Herman M.","family":"Chambaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Molecular Pathobiology, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, North 20, West 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Hokkaido, Japan"},{"name":"Virology Unit, Central Veterinary Research Institute, P.O. Box 33980, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"},{"name":"Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, P.O. Box 50060, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chihiro","family":"Sugimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Collaboration and Education, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, North 20, West 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5370-7865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hideaki","family":"Higashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hokudai Center for Zoonosis Control in Zambia, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"},{"name":"Division of Infection and Immunity, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, North 20, West 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2464-6642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayato","family":"Takada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"},{"name":"Division of Global Epidemiology, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, North 20, West 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hirofumi","family":"Sawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Molecular Pathobiology, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, North 20, West 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron S.","family":"Mweene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3480-988X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Norikazu","family":"Isoda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Risk Analysis and Management, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, North 20, West 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2018). WHO Expert Consultation on Rabies: Third Report, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hampson, K., Coudeville, L., Lembo, T., Sambo, M., Kieffer, A., Attlan, M., Barrat, J., Blanton, J.D., Briggs, D.J., and Cleaveland, S. (2015). Estimating the global burden of endemic canine rabies. PLoS Negl. Trop. 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