{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:06:54Z","timestamp":1760234814285,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,17]],"date-time":"2021-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Secretaria Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n (SENACYT)","award":["189-2016-4-GRID15-016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["189-2016-4-GRID15-016"]}]},{"name":"Sistema Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n (SNI) - Secretaria Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n (SENACYT)","award":["214-2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["214-2017"]}]},{"name":"Roche Diagnostics International Ltd","award":["00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["00"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In Panama, epidemiological data on congenital toxoplasmosis are limited, making it difficult to understand the scope of clinical manifestations in the population and factors that may increase the risk of infection. This study provides insight into the epidemiological situation of maternal and congenital toxoplasmosis in Panama and contributing information on the burden of this disease in Central America. Blood samples were collected from 2326 pregnant women and used for the detection of anti-T. gondii antibodies. A high seroprevalence (44.41%) was observed for T. gondii infection in pregnant women from different regions of Panama, with an estimated incidence rate of congenital toxoplasmosis of 3.8 cases per 1000 live births. The main risk factors associated with T. gondii infection using bivariate statistical analysis were an elementary level education and maternal age range of 34-45 years. Multivariate statistical analyses revealed that in some regions (San Miguelito, North and West regions), the number of positive cases correlated with the presence of pets, stray dogs and the consumption of poultry. In other regions (East and Metropolitan regions), the absence of pets was considered a protective factor associated with negative cases, while the presence of stray cats and the age range of 25\u201334 years did not represent any risk in these regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10060764","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,17]],"date-time":"2021-06-17T11:20:26Z","timestamp":1623928826000},"page":"764","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Epidemiological Aspects of Maternal and Congenital Toxoplasmosis in Panama"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Carlos","family":"Flores","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Biolog\u00eda Celular y Molecular de Enfermedades, Instituto de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y Servicios de Alta Tecnolog\u00eda, Asociaci\u00f3n de Inter\u00e9s P\u00fablico (INDICASAT-AIP), Panama City 0843-01103, Panama"},{"name":"Laboratorio Cl\u00ednico, Hospital Santo Tom\u00e1s, Panama City 0816-00383, Panama"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Delba","family":"Villalobos-Cerrud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Biolog\u00eda Celular y Molecular de Enfermedades, Instituto de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y Servicios de Alta Tecnolog\u00eda, Asociaci\u00f3n de Inter\u00e9s P\u00fablico (INDICASAT-AIP), Panama City 0843-01103, Panama"},{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda y Parasitolog\u00eda, Escuela de Biolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales Exactas y Tecnolog\u00eda, Universidad de Panam\u00e1, Panama 4, Panama City 3366, Panama"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jovanna","family":"Borace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Cl\u00ednico, Hospital Santo Tom\u00e1s, Panama City 0816-00383, Panama"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lorena","family":"F\u00e1brega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Biolog\u00eda Celular y Molecular de Enfermedades, Instituto de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y Servicios de Alta Tecnolog\u00eda, Asociaci\u00f3n de Inter\u00e9s P\u00fablico (INDICASAT-AIP), Panama City 0843-01103, Panama"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ximena","family":"Norero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Infectolog\u00eda, Hospital del Ni\u00f1o Dr. Jos\u00e9 Ren\u00e1n Esquivel, Panama City 0816-00383, Panama"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"X.","family":"S\u00e1ez-Llorens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Infectolog\u00eda, Hospital del Ni\u00f1o Dr. Jos\u00e9 Ren\u00e1n Esquivel, Panama City 0816-00383, Panama"},{"name":"Sistema Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n-Secretar\u00eda Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovasi\u00f3n (SNI-SENACYT), Panama City 0816-02852, Panama"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Teresa","family":"Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Infectolog\u00eda, Hospital del Ni\u00f1o Dr. Jos\u00e9 Ren\u00e1n Esquivel, Panama City 0816-00383, Panama"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1311-1132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos M.","family":"Restrepo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Biolog\u00eda Celular y Molecular de Enfermedades, Instituto de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y Servicios de Alta Tecnolog\u00eda, Asociaci\u00f3n de Inter\u00e9s P\u00fablico (INDICASAT-AIP), Panama City 0843-01103, Panama"},{"name":"Sistema Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n-Secretar\u00eda Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovasi\u00f3n (SNI-SENACYT), Panama City 0816-02852, Panama"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6949-2782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Llanes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Biolog\u00eda Celular y Molecular de Enfermedades, Instituto de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y Servicios de Alta Tecnolog\u00eda, Asociaci\u00f3n de Inter\u00e9s P\u00fablico (INDICASAT-AIP), Panama City 0843-01103, Panama"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Quijada R.","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Biolog\u00eda Celular y Molecular de Enfermedades, Instituto de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y Servicios de Alta Tecnolog\u00eda, Asociaci\u00f3n de Inter\u00e9s P\u00fablico (INDICASAT-AIP), Panama City 0843-01103, Panama"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mayrene","family":"Ladr\u00f3n De Guevara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maternidad del Hospital Santo Tom\u00e1s, Panama City 0816-00383, Panama"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"German","family":"Guzm\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Panam\u00e1, Panama 4, Panama City 3366, Panama"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valli","family":"de la Guardia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maternidad del Hospital Santo Tom\u00e1s, Panama City 0816-00383, Panama"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anabel","family":"Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Biolog\u00eda Celular y Molecular de Enfermedades, Instituto de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y Servicios de Alta Tecnolog\u00eda, Asociaci\u00f3n de Inter\u00e9s P\u00fablico (INDICASAT-AIP), Panama City 0843-01103, Panama"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda F.","family":"Lucero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Panam\u00e1, Panama 4, Panama City 3366, Panama"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Digna","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centros de Investigaciones Cl\u00ednicas y Medicina Traslacional, Instituto de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y Servicios de Alta Tecnolog\u00eda, Asociaci\u00f3n de Inter\u00e9s P\u00fablico (INDICASAT-AIP), Panama City 0843-01103, Panama"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rima","family":"Mcleod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxoplasmosis Center, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariangela","family":"Soberon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Biolog\u00eda 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Panama"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.12.111732","article-title":"The global burden of congenital toxoplasmosis: A systematic review","volume":"91","author":"Torgerson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bull. 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