{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T00:31:19Z","timestamp":1792801879224,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,18]],"date-time":"2021-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the German Federal Foreign Office, as part of the German Biosecurity Programme,","award":["XXXXXXXXX"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XXXXXXXXX"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV, Nairoviridae family) and Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV, Phenuiviridae family) are zoonotic vector-borne pathogens with clinical relevance worldwide. Our study aimed to determine seroprevalences of these viruses and potential risk factors among livestock (cattle, sheep, and goats) in Tunisia. Sera were tested for antibodies against CCHFV (n = 879) and RVFV (n = 699) using various enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and indirect immunofluorescence assays (IIFA). The overall seroprevalence of IgG antibodies was 8.6% (76\/879) and 2.3% (16\/699) against CCHFV and RVFV, respectively. For CCHF seropositivity bioclimatic zones and breed were potential risk factors for the three tested animal species; while the season was associated with cattle and sheep seropositivity, tick infestation was associated with cattle and goats seropositivity and age as a risk factor was only associated with cattle seropositivity. Age and season were significantly associated with RVFV seropositivity in sheep. Our results confirm the circulation of CCHFV and RVFV in Tunisia and identified the principal risk factors in ruminants. This knowledge could help to mitigate the risk of ruminant infections and subsequently also human infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10060769","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,18]],"date-time":"2021-06-18T11:19:20Z","timestamp":1624015160000},"page":"769","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["First Serological Evidence of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus and Rift Valley Fever Virus in Ruminants in Tunisia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Khaoula","family":"Zouaghi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Viruses Vectors and Hosts (LR20IPT02), Institute Pasteur of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Bouattour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Viruses Vectors and Hosts (LR20IPT02), Institute Pasteur of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2305-4223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hajer","family":"Aounallah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Viruses Vectors and Hosts (LR20IPT02), Institute Pasteur of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Surtees","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division Highly Pathogenic Viruses, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestra\u00dfe 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Krause","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division Highly Pathogenic Viruses, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestra\u00dfe 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6227-3125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janine","family":"Michel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division Highly Pathogenic Viruses, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestra\u00dfe 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6825-1736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aymen","family":"Mamlouk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de Microbiologie et Immunologie, Ecole Nationale de M\u00e9decine V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire, Universit\u00e9 de Manouba, Sidi Thabet 2020, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8185-3176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Nitsche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division Highly Pathogenic Viruses, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestra\u00dfe 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0048-4709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Youmna","family":"M\u2019ghirbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Viruses Vectors and Hosts (LR20IPT02), Institute Pasteur of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1949","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-019-04253-6","article-title":"Taxonomy of the order Bunyavirales: Update 2019","volume":"164","author":"Abudurexiti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. 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