{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T18:11:15Z","timestamp":1770142275233,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]],"date-time":"2021-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Toxoplasmosis is a disease, which was discovered in 1908, caused by the intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii. T. gondii infects neuronal, glial, and muscle cells, and chronic infections are characterized by the presence of cysts, in the brain and muscle cells, formed by bradyzoites. T. gondii is capable of synthesizing L-DOPA, a precursor of dopamine. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that is key in the etiology of neuropsychological disorders such as schizophrenia. Previous studies have shown high levels of IgG Toxoplasma antibodies in schizophrenia patients. Many published studies show that the prevalence of toxoplasmosis is higher in schizophrenia patients. In this study, we aimed to identify the prevalence of Toxoplasma infection in patients with schizophrenia and the relationships between, sociodemographic factors and the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. A total of 27 schizophrenic patients were included and IgG anti-T. gondii was determined in serum samples by ELISA. The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, sociodemographic factors were associated with seropositivity. We found that the prevalence of Toxoplasma antibodies was 51.7%. In the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, statistical significant association (p = 0.024) was found in Item 13 which is related to motor retardation, however, the association turned non-significant after of correction for multiple tests or after of analyzed with a logistic regression p = 0.059, odds ratio (OR) = 2.316 with a 95% confidence interval [0.970 to 5.532]. Other association was not found between toxoplasmosis and others factors. The prevalence of toxoplasmosis on our population under study was significantly higher than that reported by general population or other group of Mexican schizophrenia patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10070820","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]],"date-time":"2021-06-30T02:16:34Z","timestamp":1625019394000},"page":"820","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Toxoplasmosis Is More Frequent in Schizophrenia Patients Than in the General Population in Mexico and Is Not Associated with More Severe Course of Schizophrenia Measured with the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Mar\u00eda de la Luz","family":"Galv\u00e1n-Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda y Patolog\u00eda, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara C.P. 45100, JA, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Navarro Machuca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Psiquiatr\u00eda del Hospital Civil Fray Antonio Alcalde, Guadalajara C.P. 44280, JA, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0297-4223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio Armando","family":"Covarrubias Castillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Psiquiatr\u00eda del Hospital Civil Fray Antonio Alcalde, Guadalajara C.P. 44280, JA, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0880-8579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Carlos","family":"Benavides Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda y Patolog\u00eda, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara C.P. 45100, JA, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura Roci\u00f3","family":"Rodr\u00edguez P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda y Patolog\u00eda, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara C.P. 45100, JA, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sergio Horacio","family":"Due\u00f1as Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda y Patolog\u00eda, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara C.P. 45100, JA, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Judith Marcela","family":"Due\u00f1as Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda y Patolog\u00eda, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara C.P. 45100, JA, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-73.6.1121","article-title":"Frequency of T. gondii in pork meat in Ocotl\u00e1n, Jalisco, Mexico","volume":"73","author":"Franco","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. 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