{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T07:25:59Z","timestamp":1790925959511,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,8]],"date-time":"2021-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Thorough knowledge of the dynamics of Bulinus spp. infestation could help to control the spread of schistosomiasis. This study describes the spatio-temporal dynamics of B. senegalensis and B. umbilicatus infestation by the Schistosoma haematobium group of blood flukes in Niakhar, Senegal. Molecular identification of the S. haematobium group was performed by real-time PCR, targeting the Dra 1 gene in 810 samples of Bulinus spp. collected during the schistosomiasis transmission season in 2013. In addition to Dra 1 PCR, a rapid diagnostic-PCR was performed on a sub-group of 43 snails to discriminate S. haematobium, S. bovis, and S. mattheei. Out of 810 snails, 236 (29.1%) were positive for Dra 1 based on the PCR, including 96.2% and 3.8% of B. senegalensis and B. umbilicatus, respectively. Among the sub-group, 16 samples were confirmed to be S. haematobium while one was identified as a mixture of S. haematobium and S. bovis. Snails infestations were detected in all villages sampled and infestation rates ranged from 15.38% to 42.11%. The prevalence of infestation was higher in the north (33.47%) compared to the south (25.74%). Snail populations infestations appear early in the rainy season, with a peak in the middle of the season, and then a decline towards the end of the rainy season. Molecular techniques showed, for the first time, the presence of S. bovis in the Bulinus spp. population of Niakhar. The heterogeneity of snail infestations at the village level must be taken into account in mass treatment strategies. Further studies should help to improve the characterizations of the schistosome population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10070860","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,8]],"date-time":"2021-07-08T04:32:49Z","timestamp":1625718769000},"page":"860","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Bulinus senegalensis and Bulinus umbilicatus Snail Infestations by the Schistosoma haematobium Group in Niakhar, Senegal"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7580-8344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Papa Mouhamadou","family":"Gaye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix-Marseille Universit\u00e9, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, 13005 Marseille, France"},{"name":"VITROME, Campus International IRD-UCAD de l\u2019IRD, 1386 Dakar, Senegal"},{"name":"Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection de Marseille, 13005 Marseille, France"},{"name":"D\u00e9partement Biologie Animale, Facult\u00e9 des Sciences et Technique, UCAD de Dakar, 5005 Dakar, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Souleymane","family":"Doucoure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VITROME, Campus International IRD-UCAD de l\u2019IRD, 1386 Dakar, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4292-0713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Senghor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VITROME, Campus International IRD-UCAD de l\u2019IRD, 1386 Dakar, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Babacar","family":"Faye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology-Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odontology, University Cheikh Anta Diop of Dakar, 5005 Dakar, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ndiaw","family":"Goumballa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix-Marseille Universit\u00e9, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, 13005 Marseille, France"},{"name":"VITROME, Campus International IRD-UCAD de l\u2019IRD, 1386 Dakar, Senegal"},{"name":"Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection de Marseille, 13005 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mback\u00e9","family":"Semb\u00e8ne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement Biologie Animale, Facult\u00e9 des Sciences et Technique, UCAD de Dakar, 5005 Dakar, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1086-3745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Coralie","family":"L\u2019Ollivier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix-Marseille Universit\u00e9, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, 13005 Marseille, France"},{"name":"Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection de Marseille, 13005 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Parola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix-Marseille Universit\u00e9, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, 13005 Marseille, France"},{"name":"Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection de Marseille, 13005 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3293-5276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"St\u00e9phane","family":"Ranque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix-Marseille Universit\u00e9, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, 13005 Marseille, France"},{"name":"Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection de Marseille, 13005 Marseille, 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