{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T10:11:57Z","timestamp":1789985517487,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,10]],"date-time":"2021-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Innovation and Technology, Hungary","award":["TKP2020-IKA-12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TKP2020-IKA-12"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The usage of bottled water dispensers (BWDs) has spread worldwide. Despite their popularity, few studies have dealt with their microbial contaminants, and little attention is given to their fungal contamination. To our knowledge this is the first mycological study of BWDs in Europe. 36 devices have been examined in Budapest, Hungary. Despite of the strictly regulated water hygiene system in Hungary, molds and yeasts were detected in 86.8% of the samples, 56.76% were highly contaminated. Elevated heterotrophic plate counts were also observed in all samples compared to that of Hungarian drinking water. As all physical and chemical water quality characteristics have met the relevant national and European parametric values and neither totally explained the results of microbial counts, the effect of usage and maintenance habits of the devices were examined. Fungal concentrations were affected by the time elapsed since disinfection, days remaining until expiration of bottles, month of sampling and exposure to sunlight during storage. Microbes are able to proliferate in the bottled water and disperse inside the BWDs. Many of the detected fungal species (Sarocladium\u00a0kiliense, Acremonium\u00a0sclerotigenum\/egyptiacum, Exophiala\u00a0jeanselmei var. lecanii-corni, Exophiala\u00a0equina, Meyerozyma\u00a0guilliermondii, Cystobasidium\u00a0slooffiae, Aspergillus\u00a0jensenii, Bisifusarium\u00a0biseptatum) are opportunistic pathogens for subpopulations of sensitive age groups and patients with immunodeficient conditions, including cystic fibrosis. Thus BWDs may pose a health risk to visitors of healthcare institutions, especially to patients with oral lesions in dental surgeries. The study draws attention to the need to investigate microbial contamination of these devices in other countries as well.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10070871","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,12]],"date-time":"2021-07-12T00:23:36Z","timestamp":1626049416000},"page":"871","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Mycological Investigation of Bottled Water Dispensers in Healthcare Facilities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Zs\u00f3fia","family":"Tischner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Safety, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-2100 G\u00f6d\u00f6ll\u0151, Hungary"},{"name":"National Public Health Center, H-1097 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R\u00f3zsa","family":"Seb\u0151k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Safety, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-2100 G\u00f6d\u00f6ll\u0151, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8837-3973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L\u00e1szl\u00f3","family":"Kredics","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henrietta","family":"Allaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00e1rta","family":"Vargha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Public Health Center, H-1097 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1gnes","family":"Sebesty\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Public Health Center, H-1097 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Csaba","family":"Dobolyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Safety, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-2100 G\u00f6d\u00f6ll\u0151, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bal\u00e1zs","family":"Kriszt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Safety, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-2100 G\u00f6d\u00f6ll\u0151, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Don\u00e1t","family":"Magyar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Public Health Center, H-1097 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2017). 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