{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T22:19:29Z","timestamp":1791843569781,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":124,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,10]],"date-time":"2021-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a Gram-negative bacterium that colonizes the stomach and can induce gastric disease and intra-gastric lesions, including chronic gastritis, peptic ulcers, gastric adenocarcinoma, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. This bacterium is responsible for long-term complications of gastric disease. The conjunction of host genetics, immune response, bacterial virulence expression, diet, micronutrient availability, and microbiome structure influence the disease outcomes related to chronic H. pylori infection. In this regard, the consumption of unhealthy and unbalanced diets can induce microbial dysbiosis, which infection with H. pylori may contribute to. However, to date, clinical trials have reported controversial results and current knowledge in this field is inconclusive. Here, we review preclinical studies concerning the changes produced in the microbiota that may be related to H. pylori infection, as well as the involvement of diet. We summarize and discuss the last approaches based on the modulation of the microbiota to improve the negative impact of H. pylori infection and their potential translation from bench to bedside.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10070875","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,12]],"date-time":"2021-07-12T00:23:36Z","timestamp":1626049416000},"page":"875","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Impact of Dietary Patterns on H. pylori Infection and the Modulation of Microbiota to Counteract Its Effect. A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1048-2448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ascensi\u00f3n","family":"Rueda-Robles","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Biomedical Research, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology \u201cJos\u00e9 Mataix\u201d, University of Granada, Avda. del Conocimiento s\/n., Armilla, 18016 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5331-4244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"Rubio-Tom\u00e1s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut d\u2019Investigacions Biom\u00e8diques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5171-9408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julio","family":"Plaza-Diaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, 18014 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8476-9970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana I.","family":"\u00c1lvarez-Mercado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Biomedical Research, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology \u201cJos\u00e9 Mataix\u201d, University of Granada, Avda. del Conocimiento s\/n., Armilla, 18016 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, 18014 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conti, L., Annibale, B., and Lahner, E. (2020). Autoimmune Gastritis and Gastric Microbiota. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8111827"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"67","article-title":"Community-based Gastric Cancer Screening Coupled with a National Colorectal Cancer Screening Program: Baseline Results","volume":"21","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haile, K., Yemane, T., Tesfaye, G., Wolde, D., Timerga, A., and Haile, A. (2021). Anemia and its association with Helicobacter pylori infection among adult dyspeptic patients attending Wachemo University Nigist Eleni Mohammad Memorial Referral Hospital, Southwest Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0245168"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.14561","article-title":"Systematic review with meta-analysis: The worldwide prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection","volume":"47","author":"Zamani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104720","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2021.104720","article-title":"Contrasting association of Helicobacter pylori oipA genotype with risk of peptic ulceration and gastric cancer","volume":"89","author":"Feili","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.02.016","article-title":"Influence of Helicobacter pylori virulence factors CagA and VacA on pathogenesis of gastrointestinal disorders","volume":"117","author":"Nejati","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-015-0111-0","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori virulence factor CagA promotes tumorigenesis of gastric cancer via multiple signaling pathways","volume":"13","author":"Yong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Signal."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16032","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1105175108","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin A (VacA) engages the mitochondrial fission machinery to induce host cell death","volume":"108","author":"Jain","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3207","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-017-0011-x","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori VacA induces autophagic cell death in gastric epithelial cells via the endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway","volume":"8","author":"Zhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11411","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i40.11411","article-title":"Tight junction disruption: Helicobacter pylori and dysregulation of the gastric mucosal barrier","volume":"21","author":"Caron","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Djekic, A., and Muller, A. (2016). The Immunomodulator VacA Promotes Immune Tolerance and Persistent Helicobacter pylori Infection through Its Activities on T-Cells and Antigen-Presenting Cells. Toxins, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins8060187"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.04.006","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori Infection Modulates Host Cell Metabolism through VacA-Dependent Inhibition of mTORC1","volume":"23","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"5","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori: Microbiology and interactions with gastrointestinal microflora","volume":"57","author":"Dzierzanowska","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.16161","article-title":"Review article: Exposure to microbes and risk of coeliac disease","volume":"53","author":"Stordal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"38","article-title":"European Registry on Helicobacter pylori management (Hp-EuReg): First-line Therapy in Israel","volume":"23","author":"Boltin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Isr. Med. Assoc. J."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans (1994). Schistosomes, Liver Flukes and Helicobacter pylori, International Agency for Research on Cancer."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Machlowska, J., Baj, J., Sitarz, M., Maciejewski, R., and Sitarz, R. (2020). Gastric Cancer: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Classification, Genomic Characteristics and Treatment Strategies. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21114012"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haley, K.P., and Gaddy, J.A. (2016). Nutrition and Helicobacter pylori: Host Diet and Nutritional Immunity Influence Bacterial Virulence and Disease Outcome. Gastroenterol. Res. Pract., 2016.","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/3019362"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S72","DOI":"10.1016\/S1590-8658(02)80170-0","article-title":"Consequences of Helicobacter pylori infection on the absorption of micronutrients","volume":"34","author":"Annibale","year":"2002","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohammadi, S.O., Yadegar, A., Kargar, M., Mirjalali, H., and Kafilzadeh, F. (2020). The impact of Helicobacter pylori infection on gut microbiota-endocrine system axis; modulation of metabolic hormone levels and energy homeostasis. J. Diabetes Metab. Disord., 1855\u20131861.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40200-020-00608-y"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2005.41929_7.x","article-title":"The Relationship between Plasma and Gastric Ghrelin Levels and Strain Diversity in Helicobacter pylori Virulence","volume":"100","author":"Isomoto","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nweneka, C.V., and Prentice, A.M. (2011). Helicobacter pylori infection and circulating ghrelin levels\u2014A systematic review. BMC Gastroenterol., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-230X-11-7"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-5378.2003.00157.x","article-title":"Intragastric ascorbic but not uric acid is depleted in relation with the increased pH in patients with atrophic body gastritis and H. pylori gastritis","volume":"8","author":"Capurso","year":"2003","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"150","article-title":"Diet and Helicobacter pylori infection","volume":"11","author":"Holubiuk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prz. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoo, J.Y., Cho, H.J., Moon, S., Choi, J., Lee, S., Ahn, C., Yoo, K.Y., Kim, I., Ko, K.P., and Lee, J.E. (2020). Pickled Vegetable and Salted Fish Intake and the Risk of Gastric Cancer: Two Prospective Cohort Studies and a Meta-Analysis. Cancers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12040996"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022524313355","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori infection and high dietary salt independently induce atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia in commercially available outbred Mongolian gerbils","volume":"48","author":"Bergin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2258","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01271-12","article-title":"High dietary salt intake exacerbates Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric carcinogenesis","volume":"81","author":"Gaddy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4871","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00918-15","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori adaptation in vivo in response to a high-salt diet","volume":"83","author":"Loh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00626-17","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00626-17","article-title":"High-Salt Conditions Alter Transcription of Helicobacter pylori Genes Encoding Outer Membrane Proteins","volume":"86","author":"Loh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1002\/prca.201400176","article-title":"Alteration of the Helicobacter pylori membrane proteome in response to changes in environmental salt concentration","volume":"9","author":"Voss","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proteom. Clin. Appl."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-08-0192","article-title":"Dietary sulforaphane-rich broccoli sprouts reduce colonization and attenuate gastritis in Helicobacter pylori-infected mice and humans","volume":"2","author":"Yanaka","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Prev Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2019.05.002","article-title":"Effect of environmental salt concentration on the Helicobacter pylori exoproteome","volume":"202","author":"Caston","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3338","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00479-16","article-title":"Dietary Composition Influences Incidence of Helicobacter pylori-Induced Iron Deficiency Anemia and Gastric Ulceration","volume":"84","author":"Beckett","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.3164\/jcbn.20-103","article-title":"Dietary intake of walnut prevented Helicobacter pylori-associated gastric cancer through rejuvenation of chronic atrophic gastritis","volume":"68","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12229","article-title":"Dietary Intervention of Artemisia and Green Tea Extracts to Rejuvenate Helicobacter pylori-Associated Chronic Atrophic Gastritis and to Prevent Tumorigenesis","volume":"21","author":"Jeong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.13.43","article-title":"The ferric uptake regulator of Helicobacter pylori: A critical player in the battle for iron and colonization of the stomach","volume":"8","author":"Pich","year":"2013","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-006-9422-8","article-title":"Serum ferritin, vitamin B(12), folate, and zinc levels in children infected with Helicobacter pylori","volume":"52","author":"Akcam","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3084","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.1999.03084.x","article-title":"Iron-deficiency anemia in premenopausal women: Why not consider atrophic body gastritis and Helicobacter pylori role?","volume":"94","author":"Capurso","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.52.4.496","article-title":"Concomitant alterations in intragastric pH and ascorbic acid concentration in patients with Helicobacter pylori gastritis and associated iron deficiency anaemia","volume":"52","author":"Annibale","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2001.01101.x","article-title":"Involvement of the corporal mucosa and related changes in gastric acid secretion characterize patients with iron deficiency anaemia associated with Helicobacter pylori infection","volume":"15","author":"Capurso","year":"2001","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI64373","article-title":"Iron deficiency accelerates Helicobacter pylori-induced carcinogenesis in rodents and humans","volume":"123","author":"Noto","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, S.R., Kim, K., Lee, S.A., Kwon, S.O., Lee, J.K., Keum, N., and Park, S.M. (2019). Effect of Red, Processed, and White Meat Consumption on the Risk of Gastric Cancer: An Overall and Dose(-)Response Meta-Analysis. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11040826"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.15406\/jcpcr.2017.08.00289","article-title":"Effect of Food on Causation and Prevention of Gastric Cancer","volume":"8","author":"Iqbal","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cancer Prev. Curr. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12248","article-title":"Oxidation During Digestion of Meat: Interactions with the Diet and Helicobacter pylori Gastritis, and Implications on Human Health","volume":"16","year":"2017","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27757","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms161126061","article-title":"Resveratrol Protects against Helicobacter pylori-Associated Gastritis by Combating Oxidative Stress","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.07.041","article-title":"Diet synergistically affects helicobacter pylori-induced gastric carcinogenesis in nonhuman primates","volume":"137","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-200205000-00012","article-title":"The incidence of Helicobacter pylori infection is not increased among obese young individuals in Greece","volume":"34","author":"Kyriazanos","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32334","DOI":"10.1038\/srep32334","article-title":"Dietary Patterns are Associated with Helicobacter Pylori Infection in Chinese Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"6","author":"Xia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14113","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000014113","article-title":"Dietary patterns and Helicobacter pylori infection in a group of Chinese adults ages between 45 and 59 years old: An observational study","volume":"98","author":"Shu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29513","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.4897","article-title":"Dietary prevention of Helicobacter pylori-associated gastric cancer with kimchi","volume":"6","author":"Jeong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-020-0332-7","article-title":"Interaction between microbiota and immunity in health and disease","volume":"30","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1038\/ni0111-5","article-title":"Diet, gut microbiota and immune responses","volume":"12","author":"Maslowski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Plaza-Diaz, J., Solis-Urra, P., Aragon-Vela, J., Rodriguez-Rodriguez, F., Olivares-Arancibia, J., and Alvarez-Mercado, A.I. (2021). Insights into the Impact of Microbiota in the Treatment of NAFLD\/NASH and Its Potential as a Biomarker for Prognosis and Diagnosis. Biomedicines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9020145"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.111117","article-title":"Evaluation of the gut microbiota after metformin intervention in children with obesity: A metagenomic study of a randomized controlled trial","volume":"134","author":"Leis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Plaza-Diaz, J., Bernal, M.J., Schutte, S., Chenoll, E., Genoves, S., Codoner, F.M., Gil, A., and Sanchez-Siles, L.M. (2021). Effects of Whole-Grain and Sugar Content in Infant Cereals on Gut Microbiota at Weaning: A Randomized Trial. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13051496"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44935","DOI":"10.1038\/srep44935","article-title":"Alterations in Gastric Microbiota After H. Pylori Eradication and in Different Histological Stages of Gastric Carcinogenesis","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-319696","article-title":"Effect of Helicobacter pylori on gastrointestinal microbiota: A population-based study in Linqu, a high-risk area of gastric cancer","volume":"69","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pero, R., Brancaccio, M., Laneri, S., Biasi, M.G., Lombardo, B., and Scudiero, O. (2019). A Novel View of Human Helicobacter pylori Infections: Interplay between Microbiota and Beta-Defensins. Biomolecules, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom9060237"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2010.149","article-title":"Structure of the human gastric bacterial community in relation to Helicobacter pylori status","volume":"5","author":"Goldfarb","year":"2011","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-016-1176-8","article-title":"Characterization of gastric microbiota in twins","volume":"74","author":"Dong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2016.131","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with an altered gastric microbiota in children","volume":"10","author":"Brawner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dash, N.R., Khoder, G., Nada, A.M., and Al Bataineh, M.T. (2019). Exploring the impact of Helicobacter pylori on gut microbiome composition. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0218274"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000001383","article-title":"Characterization of the Gastric Microbiota in a Pediatric Population According to Helicobacter pylori Status","volume":"36","author":"Llorca","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109058","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2020.109058","article-title":"Cocoa diet modulates gut microbiota composition and improves intestinal health in Zucker diabetic rats","volume":"132","author":"Ramos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2017.02.027","article-title":"Diet-driven microbiota dysbiosis is associated with vagal remodeling and obesity","volume":"173","author":"Sen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0000000000000587","article-title":"The Mediterranean diet and its association with selected gut bacteria","volume":"22","author":"Krznaric","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-018-0061-2","article-title":"You are what you eat: Diet, health and the gut microbiota","volume":"16","author":"Zmora","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhong, X., Harrington, J.M., Millar, S.R., Perry, I.J., O\u2019Toole, P.W., and Phillips, C.M. (2020). Gut Microbiota Associations with Metabolic Health and Obesity Status in Older Adults. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12082364"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10015","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.0c01968","article-title":"Hypoglycemic and Hypolipidemic Mechanism of Tea Polysaccharides on Type 2 Diabetic Rats via Gut Microbiota and Metabolism Alteration","volume":"68","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, J., Choi, J.H., Oh, T., Ahn, B., and Unno, T. (2020). Codium fragile Ameliorates High-Fat Diet-Induced Metabolism by Modulating the Gut Microbiota in Mice. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12061848"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8731","DOI":"10.1038\/srep08731","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori infection can affect energy modulating hormones and body weight in germ free mice","volume":"5","author":"Khosravi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.09.010","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori Infection Aggravates Diet-induced Insulin Resistance in Association With Gut Microbiota of Mice","volume":"12","author":"He","year":"2016","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-020-0281-3","article-title":"Sex-specific association between the gut microbiome and high-fat diet-induced metabolic disorders in mice","volume":"11","author":"Peng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. Sex. Differ."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2217","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.574500","article-title":"Gut Microbiota-Dependent Trimethylamine N-Oxide Associates With Inflammation in Common Variable Immunodeficiency","volume":"11","author":"Macpherson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqaa225","article-title":"Association of diet with circulating trimethylamine-N-oxide concentration","volume":"112","author":"Hamaya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.11.015","article-title":"Trimethylamine N-oxide, Mediterranean diet, and nutrition in healthy, normal-weight adults: Also a matter of sex?","volume":"62","author":"Barrea","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2019.106026","article-title":"Effect of trimethylamine N-oxide on inflammation and the gut microbiota in Helicobacter pylori-infected mice","volume":"81","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118200","article-title":"Effects of choline supplementation on liver biology, gut microbiota, and inflammation in Helicobacter pylori-infected mice","volume":"259","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life. Sci."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.01.017","article-title":"Gastric Helicobacter pylori Infection Affects Local and Distant Microbial Populations and Host Responses","volume":"14","author":"Kienesberger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2017.11.009","article-title":"Gastric microbiota: An emerging player in Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric malignancies","volume":"414","author":"Espinoza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6336","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.6336","article-title":"Gastric Helicobacter pylori infection perturbs human oral microbiota","volume":"7","author":"Chua","year":"2019","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00375","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori Infection Aggravates Dysbiosis of Gut Microbiome in Children With Gastritis","volume":"9","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X.X., Wong, G.L., To, K.F., Wong, V.W., Lai, L.H., Chow, D.K., Lau, J.Y., Sung, J.J., and Ding, C. (2009). Bacterial microbiota profiling in gastritis without Helicobacter pylori infection or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use. PLoS ONE, 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0007985"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2081","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-021-11165-6","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori infection worsens impaired glucose regulation in high-fat diet mice in association with an altered gut microbiome and metabolome","volume":"105","author":"Peng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-312288","article-title":"Management of Helicobacter pylori infection-the Maastricht V\/Florence Consensus Report","volume":"66","author":"Malfertheiner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2093","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-322368","article-title":"Screening and eradication of Helicobacter pylori for gastric cancer prevention: The Taipei global consensus","volume":"69","author":"Liou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5578","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v25.i37.5578","article-title":"Pathogenesis and clinical management of Helicobacter pylori gastric infection","volume":"25","author":"Soares","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"112","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori infection: Old and new","volume":"10","author":"Diaconu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Med. Life."},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"1","article-title":"An update on current and advancing pharmacotherapy options for the treatment of H. pylori infection","volume":"12","author":"Georgopoulos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2016.07.016","article-title":"Promising in vitro and in vivo inhibition of multidrug-resistant Helicobacter pylori by linezolid and novel oxazolidinone analogues","volume":"7","author":"Shi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeong, S.J., Lee, K.H., Kim, J.H., Park, S.Y., and Song, Y.G. (2020). Efficacy and Gut Dysbiosis of Gentamicin-Intercalated Smectite as a New Therapeutic Agent against Helicobacter pylori in a Mouse Model. Antibiotics, 9.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.06.30.179911"},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"1324","article-title":"Gentamicin-intercalated smectite as a new therapeutic option for Helicobacter pylori eradication","volume":"73","author":"Jeong","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2019.1710092","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori antibiotic eradication coupled with a chemically defined diet in INS-GAS mice triggers dysbiosis and vitamin K deficiency resulting in gastric hemorrhage","volume":"11","author":"Quinn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800016","DOI":"10.1002\/adtp.201800016","article-title":"Coating nanoparticles with gastric epithelial cell membrane for targeted antibiotic delivery against Helicobacter pylori infection","volume":"1","author":"Angsantikul","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Ther."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dky079","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of ellagic acid against Helicobacter pylori isolates from India and during infections in mice","volume":"73","author":"De","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12430","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12430","article-title":"Protective efficacy of a hydroxy fatty acid against gastric Helicobacter infections","volume":"22","author":"Matsui","year":"2017","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.5455\/javar.2020.g411","article-title":"The effect of snakehead fish extract supplementation to first-line eradication regimen on macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) expression in rats induced by Helicobacter pylori infection","volume":"7","author":"Yulizal","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2020.1605-1612","article-title":"The effect of Channa striata extract and standard eradication regimen on asymmetric dimethylarginine in Helicobacter pylori gastritis rat model","volume":"13","author":"Yulizal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. World."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davinelli, S., Melvang, H.M., Andersen, L.P., Scapagnini, G., and Nielsen, M.E. (2019). Astaxanthin from Shrimp Cephalothorax Stimulates the Immune Response by Enhancing IFN-gamma, IL-10, and IL-2 Secretion in Splenocytes of Helicobacter Pylori-Infected Mice. Mar. Drugs., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/md17070382"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.01.025","article-title":"Gastroprotective effects of Hwanglyeonhaedok-tang against Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric cell injury","volume":"216","author":"Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2019.103145","article-title":"Chemical constituents of the root bark of Ulmus davidiana var. japonica and their potential biological activities","volume":"91","author":"So","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rong, Q., Xu, M., Dong, Q., Zhang, Y., Li, Y., Ye, G., and Zhao, L. (2016). In vitro and in vivo bactericidal activity of Tinospora sagittata (Oliv.) Gagnep. var. craveniana (S.Y.Hu) Lo and its main effective component, palmatine, against porcine Helicobacter pylori. BMC Complement Altern. Med., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-016-1310-y"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586954","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.586954","article-title":"UPLC-Q-TOF\/MS-Based Serum and Urine Metabonomics Study on the Ameliorative Effects of Palmatine on Helicobacter pylori-Induced Chronic Atrophic Gastritis","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2018.12.044","article-title":"Effect of patchouli alcohol on Helicobacter pylori-induced neutrophil recruitment and activation","volume":"68","author":"Ren","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153097","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2019.153097","article-title":"Effect of patchouli alcohol on macrophage mediated Helicobacter pylori digestion based on intracellular urease inhibition","volume":"65","author":"Lian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117456","article-title":"Mechanism of berberine in treating Helicobacter pylori induced chronic atrophic gastritis through IRF8-IFN-gamma signaling axis suppressing","volume":"248","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5373","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.26681","article-title":"Berberine demonstrates anti-inflammatory properties in Helicobacter pylori-infected mice with chronic gastritis by attenuating the Th17 response triggered by the B cell-activating factor","volume":"119","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell Biochem."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2016.06.032","article-title":"Anti-ulcer mechanisms of polyphenols extract of Euphorbia umbellata (Pax) Bruyns (Euphorbiaceae)","volume":"191","author":"Minozzo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2016.07.011","article-title":"Piper umbellatum L.: A medicinal plant with gastric-ulcer protective and ulcer healing effects in experimental rodent models","volume":"192","author":"Balogun","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566730","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.566730","article-title":"Vitamin D3 Inhibits Helicobacter pylori Infection by Activating the VitD3\/VDR-CAMP Pathway in Mice","volume":"10","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2018.1557835","article-title":"Vitamin D3 activates the autolysosomal degradation function against Helicobacter pylori through the PDIA3 receptor in gastric epithelial cells","volume":"15","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, C.C., Huang, W.C., Su, C.H., Lin, W.D., Wu, W.T., Yu, B., and Hsu, Y.M. (2020). Effects of Multi-Strain Probiotics on Immune Responses and Metabolic Balance in Helicobacter pylori-Infected Mice. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12082476"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00163-16","article-title":"Lactobacilli Reduce Helicobacter pylori Attachment to Host Gastric Epithelial Cells by Inhibiting Adhesion Gene Expression","volume":"84","author":"Maudsdotter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yarmohammadi, M., Yadegar, A., Ebrahimi, M.T., and Zali, M.R. (2020). Effects of a Potential Probiotic Strain Lactobacillus gasseri ATCC 33323 on Helicobacter pylori-Induced Inflammatory Response and Gene Expression in Coinfected Gastric Epithelial Cells. Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins, 18.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-020-09721-z"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y.H., Tsai, W.H., Wu, H.Y., Chen, C.Y., Yeh, W.L., Chen, Y.H., Hsu, H.Y., Chen, W.W., Chen, Y.W., and Chang, W.W. (2019). Probiotic Lactobacillus spp. act Against Helicobacter pylori-induced Inflammation. J. Clin. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8010090"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.5625\/lar.2018.34.4.216","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo inhibition of Helicobacter pylori by Lactobacilllus paracasei HP7","volume":"34","author":"Hong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lab. Anim. Res."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3118","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.14372","article-title":"Baicalin, Baicalein, and Lactobacillus Rhamnosus JB3 Alleviated Helicobacter pylori Infections in Vitro and in Vivo","volume":"83","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1590\/s0004-2803.201800000-70","article-title":"Honey-Derived Lactobacillus Rhamnosus Alleviates Helicobacter Pylori-Induced Gastro-Intestinal Infection and Gastric Inflammation in C57bl\/6 Mice: An Immuno-Histologic Study","volume":"55","author":"Asgari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arq. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00420","article-title":"Amelioration of Alcohol Induced Gastric Ulcers Through the Administration of Lactobacillus plantarum APSulloc 331261 Isolated From Green Tea","volume":"11","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2015-10510","article-title":"Changes in gastric microbiota induced by Helicobacter pylori infection and preventive effects of Lactobacillus plantarum ZDY 2013 against such infection","volume":"99","author":"Pan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aiba, Y., Ishikawa, H., Tokunaga, M., and Komatsu, Y. (2017). Anti-Helicobacter pylori activity of non-living, heat-killed form of lactobacilli including Lactobacillus johnsonii No.1088. FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 364.","DOI":"10.1093\/femsle\/fnx102"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamiya, S., and Backert, S. (2019). Advances in Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Public Health. Helicobacter pylori in Human Diseases, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-21916-1"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10018-1310","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori Infection and Gastric Microbiota","volume":"10","author":"Ozbey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Euroasian J. Hepatogastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i6.1438","article-title":"A review of Helicobacter pylori diagnosis, treatment, and methods to detect eradication","volume":"20","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/10\/7\/875\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:28:46Z","timestamp":1760164126000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/10\/7\/875"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,10]]},"references-count":124,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens10070875"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens10070875","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,10]]}}}