{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T15:31:57Z","timestamp":1775057517764,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,11]],"date-time":"2021-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625961600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018\/31\/N\/NZ6\/03339"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\/31\/N\/NZ6\/03339"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009045","name":"Uniwersytet Jagiello\u0144ski Collegium Medicum","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N42\/DBS\/000164"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N42\/DBS\/000164"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009045","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Staphylococcus epidermidis strains play an important role in nosocomial infections, especially in the ones associated with biofilm formation on medical devices. The paper was aimed at analyzing the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance and confirming the biofilm-forming ability among S. epidermidis strains isolated from the blood of hospitalized newborns. Genetic analysis of resistance mechanism determinants included multiplex PCR detection of mecA, ermA, ermB, ermC, msrA, and mef genes. Biofilm analysis comprised phenotypic and genotypic methods including Christensen and Freeman methods and PCR detection of the icaADB gene complex. Among the tested S. epidermidis strains, 89% of the isolates were resistant to methicillin, 67%\u2014to erythromycin, 53%\u2014to clindamycin, 63%\u2014to gentamicin, and 23%\u2014to teicoplanin, while all the strains were susceptible to vancomycin and linezolid. The mecA gene was detected in 89% of the isolates, the ermC gene was the most common and present among 56% of the strains, while the msrA gene was observed in 11% isolates. Eighty-five percent of the strains were described as biofilm-positive by phenotypic methods and carried the icaADB gene cluster. Multidrug resistance and the biofilm-forming ability in most of the strains tested may contribute to antimicrobial therapy failure (p &lt; 0.05).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10070877","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,12]],"date-time":"2021-07-12T00:23:36Z","timestamp":1626049416000},"page":"877","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Evaluation of Biofilm Formation and Prevalence of Multidrug-Resistant Strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis Isolated from Neonates with Sepsis in Southern Poland"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0533-2130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iwona","family":"Skiba-Kurek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9 Street, 30-688 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4356-0919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Nowak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9 Street, 30-688 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Empel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Clinical Microbiology, National Medicines Institute, Che\u0142mska 30\/34 Street, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3341-5646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Tomczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Clinical Microbiology, National Medicines Institute, Che\u0142mska 30\/34 Street, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Klepacka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Children\u2019s Hospital of Krakow, Wielicka 256 Street, 30-663 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Iwona","family":"Sowa-Sierant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Children\u2019s Hospital of Krakow, Wielicka 256 Street, 30-663 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0140-431X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iwona","family":"\u017bak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Children\u2019s Hospital of Krakow, Wielicka 256 Street, 30-663 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5352-5324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bartosz","family":"Pomierny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9 Street, 30-688 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7188-1077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"El\u017cbieta","family":"Karczewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9 Street, 30-688 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s10354-018-0676-5","article-title":"Control of hospital acquired infections and antimicrobial resistance in Europe: the way to go","volume":"169","author":"Friedrich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Wien. 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