{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T18:19:07Z","timestamp":1791569947321,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":161,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,13]],"date-time":"2021-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001352","name":"National University of Singapore","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NUHSRO\/2018\/006\/SU\/01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NUHSRO\/2018\/006\/SU\/01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001352","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Malaria, which is caused by Plasmodium parasites through Anopheles mosquito transmission, remains one of the most life-threatening diseases affecting hundreds of millions of people worldwide every year. Plasmodium vivax, which accounts for the majority of cases of recurring malaria caused by the Plasmodium (non-Laverania) subgenus, is an ancient and continuing zoonosis originating from monkey hosts probably outside Africa. The emergence of other zoonotic malarias (P. knowlesi, P. cynomolgi, and P. simium) further highlights the seriousness of the disease. The severity of this epidemic disease is dependent on many factors, including the parasite characteristics, host-parasite interactions, and the pathology of the infection. Successful infection depends on the ability of the parasite to invade the host; however, little is known about the parasite invasion biology and mechanisms. The lack of this information adds to the challenges to malaria control and elimination, hence enhancing the potential for continuation of this zoonosis. Here, we review the literature describing the characteristics, distribution, and genome details of the parasites, as well as host specificity, host-parasite interactions, and parasite pathology. This information will provide the basis of a greater understanding of the epidemiology and pathogenesis of malaria to support future development of strategies for the control and prevention of this zoonotic infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10070889","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,13]],"date-time":"2021-07-13T22:25:31Z","timestamp":1626215131000},"page":"889","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Zoonotic Malaria: Non-Laverania Plasmodium Biology and Invasion Mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Jing-Wen","family":"Hang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farhana","family":"Tukijan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erica-Qian-Hui","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shifana Raja","family":"Abdeen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore 138648, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8415-2727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yaw","family":"Aniweh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"West Africa Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9658-7528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benoit","family":"Malleret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore"},{"name":"Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore 138648, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2019). World Malaria Report 2019, WHO."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12557","article-title":"The mechanics of malaria parasite invasion of the human erythrocyte-towards a reassessment of the host cell contribution","volume":"18","author":"Koch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-092412-155730","article-title":"Plasmodium nesting: Remaking the erythrocyte from the inside out","volume":"67","author":"Boddey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Rodriguez-Morales, A.J. (2016). The Biology of Malaria Gametocytes, IntechOpen."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2018.04.003","article-title":"Systems biology-based investigation of host-Plasmodium interactions","volume":"34","author":"Smith","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1038","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30333-9","article-title":"Outbreak of human malaria caused by Plasmodium simium in the Atlantic Forest in Rio de Janeiro: A molecular epidemiological investigation","volume":"5","author":"Brasil","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2015.07.033","article-title":"Natural infection of Plasmodium brasilianum in humans: Man and monkey share quartan malaria parasites in the Venezuelan Amazon","volume":"2","author":"Lalremruata","year":"2015","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-68","article-title":"First case of a naturally acquired human infection with Plasmodium cynomolgi","volume":"13","author":"Ta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2014.00123","article-title":"Zoonotic malaria-global overview and research and policy needs","volume":"2","author":"Ramasamy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-4758(99)01511-2","article-title":"How prevalent are Plasmodium ovale and P. malariae in East Asia?","volume":"15","author":"Kawamoto","year":"1999","journal-title":"Parasitol. Today"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"361","article-title":"Malaria status in Al-Hodeidah Governorate, Yemen: Malariometric parasitic survey & chloroquine resistance P. falciparum local strain","volume":"33","author":"Bassiouny","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Egypt Soc. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2012060","DOI":"10.4084\/mjhid.2012.060","article-title":"Epidemiology of malaria in endemic areas","volume":"4","author":"Autino","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mediterr. J. Hematol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Coatney, G.R., Collins, W.E., Warren, M., and Contacos, P.G. (2021, July 01). The Primate Malarias, Available online: https:\/\/stacks.cdc.gov\/view\/cdc\/6538."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.2307\/3275712","article-title":"The species of simian malaria: Taxonomy, morphology, life cycle, and geographical distribution of the monkey species","volume":"49","author":"Eyles","year":"1963","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1979.28.591","article-title":"The continuous cultivation of Plasmodium fragile by the method of Trager-Jensen","volume":"28","author":"Chin","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.165.5.1269","article-title":"Antigenic variation of cloned Plasmodium fragile in its natural host Macaca sinica. Sequential appearance of successive variant antigenic types","volume":"165","author":"Handunnetti","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.2307\/3276423","article-title":"Plasmodium inui, a quartan-type malaria parasite of Old World monkeys transmissible to man","volume":"52","author":"Coatney","year":"1966","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1976.0089","article-title":"Malaria of the orang-utan (Pongo pygmaeus) in Borneo","volume":"275","author":"Peters","year":"1976","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1964.13.248","article-title":"Plasmodium youngi N. sp., a malaria parasite of the Malayan Gibbon","volume":"13","author":"Eyles","year":"1964","journal-title":"Hylobates Lar Lar. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-017-1724-0","article-title":"New potential Plasmodium brasilianum hosts: Tamarin and marmoset monkeys (family Callitrichidae)","volume":"16","author":"Alvarenga","year":"2017","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-015-0606-6","article-title":"Simian malaria in the Brazilian Atlantic forest: First description of natural infection of capuchin monkeys (Cebinae subfamily) by Plasmodium simium","volume":"14","author":"Pissinatti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000077015","article-title":"The blood-stages of Plasmodium georgesi, P. gonderi and P. petersi: Course of untreated infection in their natural hosts and additional morphological distinctive features","volume":"111","author":"Poirriez","year":"1995","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"168","article-title":"Further description of blood stages of Plasmodium petersi from Cercocebus albigena monkey","volume":"41","author":"Poirriez","year":"1994","journal-title":"Folia Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1970.19.190","article-title":"Transmission of Plasmodium schwetzi from the chimpanzee to man by mosquito bite","volume":"19","author":"Contacos","year":"1970","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, M.I., Mailepessov, D., Vythilingam, I., Lee, V., Lam, P., Ng, L.C., and Tan, C.H. (2021). Prevalence of simian malaria parasites in macaques of Singapore. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009110"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iwagami, M., Nakatsu, M., Khattignavong, P., Soundala, P., Lorphachan, L., Keomalaphet, S., Xangsayalath, P., Kawai, S., Hongvanthong, B., and Brey, P.T. (2018). First case of human infection with Plasmodium knowlesi in Laos. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006244"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2211","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1012.040293","article-title":"Naturally acquired Plasmodium knowlesi malaria in human, Thailand","volume":"10","author":"Jongwutiwes","year":"2004","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1405.071407","article-title":"Human Infections with Plasmodium knowlesi, the Philippines","volume":"14","author":"Luchavez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)15836-4","article-title":"A large focus of naturally acquired Plasmodium knowlesi infections in human beings","volume":"363","author":"Singh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-12-128","article-title":"First case of Plasmodium knowlesi infection in a Japanese traveller returning from Malaysia","volume":"12","author":"Tanizaki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-016-1494-0","article-title":"Distribution and prevalence of malaria parasites among long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) in regional populations across Southeast Asia","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy519","article-title":"Asymptomatic natural human infections with the simian malaria parasites Plasmodium cynomolgi and Plasmodium knowlesi","volume":"219","author":"Imwong","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McManus, K.F., Taravella, A.M., Henn, B.M., Bustamante, C.D., Sikora, M., and Cornejo, O.E. (2017). Population genetic analysis of the DARC locus (Duffy) reveals adaptation from standing variation associated with malaria resistance in humans. PLoS Genet., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1006560"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.167.6.1873","article-title":"Receptor-like specificity of a Plasmodium knowlesi malarial protein that binds to Duffy antigen ligands on erythrocytes","volume":"167","author":"Haynes","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(89)90083-0","article-title":"Plasmodium vivax interaction with the human Duffy blood group glycoprotein: Identification of a parasite receptor-like protein","volume":"69","author":"Wertheimer","year":"1989","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mendes, C., Dias, F., Figueiredo, J., Mora, V.G., Cano, J., de Sousa, B., do Rosario, V.E., Benito, A., Berzosa, P., and Arez, A.P. (2011). Duffy negative antigen is no longer a barrier to Plasmodium vivax\u2014Molecular evidences from the African West Coast (Angola and Equatorial Guinea). PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001192"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-016-1620-z","article-title":"The hide and seek of Plasmodium vivax in West Africa: Report from a large-scale study in Beninese asymptomatic subjects","volume":"15","author":"Poirier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Motshoge, T., Ababio, G.K., Aleksenko, L., Read, J., Peloewetse, E., Loeto, M., Mosweunyane, T., Moakofhi, K., Ntebele, D.S., and Chihanga, S. (2016). Molecular evidence of high rates of asymptomatic P. vivax infection and very low P. falciparum malaria in Botswana. BMC Infect. Dis., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-1857-8"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-170","article-title":"Molecular typing reveals substantial Plasmodium vivax infection in asymptomatic adults in a rural area of Cameroon","volume":"13","author":"Bumah","year":"2014","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-015-0596-4","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum malaria among Duffy-positive and Duffy-negative populations in Ethiopia","volume":"14","author":"Lo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2006.75.575","article-title":"Evidence for transmission of Plasmodium vivax among a duffy antigen negative population in Western Kenya","volume":"75","author":"Ryan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5967","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0912496107","article-title":"Plasmodium vivax clinical malaria is commonly observed in Duffy-negative Malagasy people","volume":"107","author":"Menard","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0254","article-title":"Plasmodium vivax infections over 3 years in Duffy blood group negative Malians in Bandiagara, Mali","volume":"97","author":"Niangaly","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-10-336","article-title":"Vivax malaria in Mauritania includes infection of a Duffy-negative individual","volume":"10","author":"Wurtz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-015-0808-y","article-title":"A molecular survey of acute febrile illnesses reveals Plasmodium vivax infections in Kedougou, southeastern Senegal","volume":"14","author":"Niang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trw014","article-title":"Transmission of Plasmodium vivax in Duffy-negative individuals in central Sudan","volume":"110","author":"Abdelraheem","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0345","article-title":"Plasmodium species infecting children presenting with malaria in Uganda","volume":"97","author":"Asua","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haiyambo, D.H., Uusiku, P., Mumbengegwi, D., Pernica, J.M., Bock, R., Malleret, B., Renia, L., Greco, B., and Quaye, I.K. (2019). Molecular detection of P. vivax and P. ovale foci of infection in asymptomatic and symptomatic children in Northern Namibia. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007290"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2017.03.001","article-title":"The unhealthy attraction of Plasmodium vivax to reticulocytes expressing transferrin receptor 1 (CD71)","volume":"47","author":"Malleret","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Popovici, J., Roesch, C., and Rougeron, V. (2020). The enigmatic mechanisms by which Plasmodium vivax infects Duffy-negative individuals. PLoS Pathog., 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008258"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.2307\/3274827","article-title":"Studies on malaria in chimpanzees. V. The sporogonous cycle and mosquito transmission of Plasmodium vivax schwetzi","volume":"44","author":"Bray","year":"1958","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1968.17.147","article-title":"Simian malarias in man: Facts, implications, and predictions","volume":"17","author":"Coatney","year":"1968","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gilabert, A., Otto, T.D., Rutledge, G.G., Franzon, B., Ollomo, B., Arnathau, C., Durand, P., Moukodoum, N.D., Okouga, A.P., and Ngoubangoye, B. (2018). Plasmodium vivax-like genome sequences shed new insights into Plasmodium vivax biology and evolution. PLoS Biol., 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.2006035"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02761995000300004","article-title":"Simian malaria at two sites in the Brazilian Amazon. I--The infection rates of Plasmodium brasilianum in non-human primates","volume":"90","author":"Deane","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02761986000600010","article-title":"Antigens of Plasmodium vivax blood stage parasites identified by monoclonal antibodies","volume":"81","author":"Barnwell","year":"1986","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.50.1.58-61.1985","article-title":"Monoclonal antibodies produced against sporozoites of the human parasite Plasmodium malariae abolish infectivity of sporozoites of the simian parasite Plasmodium brasilianum","volume":"50","author":"Cochrane","year":"1985","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182099005168","article-title":"Monkeys of the rainforest in French Guiana are natural reservoirs for P. brasilianum\/P. malariae malaria","volume":"120","author":"Fandeur","year":"2000","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(76)90126-0","article-title":"Plasmodium simium:ultrastructure of erythrocytic phase","volume":"39","author":"Seed","year":"1976","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(93)90257-X","article-title":"Circumsporozoite protein gene of Plasmodium simium, a Plasmodium vivax-like monkey malaria parasite","volume":"57","author":"Goldman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-019-2856-1","article-title":"Detection of low-density Plasmodium falciparum infections using amplicon deep sequencing","volume":"18","author":"Early","year":"2019","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"23","article-title":"The genome of model malaria parasites, and comparative genomics","volume":"7","author":"Carlton","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kooij, T.W., Carlton, J.M., Bidwell, S.L., Hall, N., Ramesar, J., Janse, C.J., and Waters, A.P. (2005). A Plasmodium whole-genome synteny map: Indels and synteny breakpoints as foci for species-specific genes. PLoS Pathog., 1.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0010044"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12708","article-title":"The biology of Plasmodium vivax explored through genomics","volume":"1342","author":"Luo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07327","article-title":"Comparative genomics of the neglected human malaria parasite Plasmodium vivax","volume":"455","author":"Carlton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07306","article-title":"The genome of the simian and human malaria parasite Plasmodium knowlesi","volume":"455","author":"Pain","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1119(87)90399-4","article-title":"Analysis of sequences from the extremely A + T-rich genome of Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"52","author":"Weber","year":"1987","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(03)01023-7","article-title":"Plasmodium biology: Genomic gleanings","volume":"115","author":"Aravind","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mourier, T., Alvarenga, D.A.M.d., Kaushik, A., Pina-Costa, A.d., Guzm\u00e1n-Vega, F.J., Douvropoulou, O., Guan, Q., Forrester, S., Abreu, F.V.S.d., and J\u00fanior, C.B. (2019). The genome of the zoonotic malaria parasite Plasmodium simium reveals adaptions to host-switching. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/841171"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21038","article-title":"Plasmodium malariae and P. ovale genomes provide insights into malaria parasite evolution","volume":"542","author":"Rutledge","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.11864.1","article-title":"An improved Plasmodium cynomolgi genome assembly reveals an unexpected methyltransferase gene expansion","volume":"2","author":"Pasini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2016.05.009","article-title":"Genome-scale comparison of expanded gene families in Plasmodium ovale wallikeri and Plasmodium ovale curtisi with Plasmodium malariae and with other Plasmodium species","volume":"46","author":"Ansari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daron, J., Boissiere, A., Boundenga, L., Ngoubangoye, B., Houze, S., Arnathau, C., Sidobre, C., Trape, J.F., Durand, P., and Renaud, F. (2021). Population genomic evidence of Plasmodium vivax Southeast Asian origin. Sci. Adv., 7.","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abc3713"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3346","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4346","article-title":"African origin of the malaria parasite Plasmodium vivax","volume":"5","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E8450","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1810053115","article-title":"Evolutionary history of human Plasmodium vivax revealed by genome-wide analyses of related ape parasites","volume":"115","author":"Loy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1080\/10635150500541672","article-title":"Evolutionary rates, divergence dates, and the performance of mitochondrial genes in Bayesian phylogenetic analysis","volume":"55","author":"Mueller","year":"2006","journal-title":"Syst. Biol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-016-1272-z","article-title":"A zoonotic human infection with simian malaria, Plasmodium knowlesi, in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia","volume":"15","author":"Setiadi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Oliveira, T.C., Rodrigues, P.T., Early, A.M., Duarte, A., Buery, J.C., Bueno, M.G., Catao-Dias, J.L., Cerutti, C., Rona, L.D.P., and Neafsey, D.E. (2021). Plasmodium simium: Population genomics reveals the origin of a reverse zoonosis. J. Infect. Dis.","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab214"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20041392","article-title":"SURFIN is a polymorphic antigen expressed on Plasmodium falciparum merozoites and infected erythrocytes","volume":"201","author":"Winter","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frech, C., and Chen, N. (2013). Variant surface antigens of malaria parasites: Functional and evolutionary insights from comparative gene family classification and analysis. BMC Genom., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-14-427"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Talundzic, E., Ravishankar, S., Nayak, V., Patel, D.S., Olsen, C., Sheth, M., Batra, D., Loparev, V., Vannberg, F.O., and Udhayakumar, V. (2017). First full draft genome sequence of Plasmodium brasilianum. Genome Announc., 5.","DOI":"10.1128\/genomeA.01566-16"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a118422","article-title":"Relative frequency of ring-stage plasmodia in reticulocytes and mature erythrocytes in man and monkey","volume":"27","author":"Hegner","year":"1938","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kerlin, D.H., and Gatton, M.L. (2013). Preferential invasion by Plasmodium merozoites and the self-regulation of parasite burden. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0057434"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1939.s1-19.47","article-title":"The infection of mature and immature erythrocytes by Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium malariae","volume":"s1-19","author":"Kitchen","year":"1939","journal-title":"Am. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00932687","article-title":"Evidence for 6-day cultivation of human Plasmodium malariae","volume":"80","author":"Lingnau","year":"1994","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2014-08-596015","article-title":"Plasmodium vivax: Restricted tropism and rapid remodeling of CD71-positive reticulocytes","volume":"125","author":"Malleret","year":"2015","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/0248-4900(88)90077-9","article-title":"Morphological changes in erythrocytes induced by malarial parasites","volume":"64","author":"Aikawa","year":"1988","journal-title":"Biol. Cell."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2016.11.009","article-title":"The rheopathobiology of Plasmodium vivax and other important primate malaria parasites","volume":"33","author":"Russell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762011000900010","article-title":"On cytoadhesion of Plasmodium vivax: Raison d\u2019etre?","volume":"106","author":"Costa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1086\/380468","article-title":"The deformability of red blood cells parasitized by Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax","volume":"189","author":"Suwanarusk","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kho, S., Qotrunnada, L., Leonardo, L., Andries, B., Wardani, P.A.I., Fricot, A., Henry, B., Hardy, D., Margyaningsih, N.I., and Apriyanti, D. (2021). Evaluation of splenic accumulation and colocalization of immature reticulocytes and Plasmodium vivax in asymptomatic malaria: A prospective human splenectomy study. PLoS Med., 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003632"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2067","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2023884","article-title":"Hidden biomass of intact malaria parasites in the human spleen","volume":"384","author":"Kho","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00079-12","article-title":"Human infections and detection of Plasmodium knowlesi","volume":"26","author":"Singh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy065","article-title":"Age-related clinical spectrum of Plasmodium knowlesi malaria and predictors of severity","volume":"67","author":"Grigg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13005","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.13005","article-title":"Multimodal analysis of Plasmodium knowlesi-infected erythrocytes reveals large invaginations, swelling of the host cell, and rheological defects","volume":"21","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2018.04.005","article-title":"The Plasmodium knowlesi MAHRP2 ortholog localizes to structures connecting Sinton Mulligan\u2018s clefts in the infected erythrocyte","volume":"67","author":"Asare","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2009.09.009","article-title":"In vivo study of human Plasmodium knowlesi in Macaca fascicularis","volume":"124","author":"Anderios","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis902","article-title":"A prospective comparative study of knowlesi, falciparum, and vivax malaria in Sabah, Malaysia: High proportion with severe disease from Plasmodium knowlesi and Plasmodium vivax but no mortality with early referral and artesunate therapy","volume":"56","author":"Barber","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1086\/524888","article-title":"Plasmodium knowlesi malaria in humans is widely distributed and potentially life threatening","volume":"46","author":"Davis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-11-284","article-title":"Deaths due to Plasmodium knowlesi malaria in Sabah, Malaysia: Association with reporting as Plasmodium malariae and delayed parenteral artesunate","volume":"11","author":"Rajahram","year":"2012","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1604.091624","article-title":"Plasmodium knowlesi in human, Indonesian Borneo","volume":"16","author":"Figtree","year":"2010","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-11-363","article-title":"Laboratory markers of disease severity in Plasmodium knowlesi infection: A case control study","volume":"11","author":"Willmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1086\/605439","article-title":"Clinical and laboratory features of human Plasmodium knowlesi infection","volume":"49","author":"Daneshvar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1086\/510756","article-title":"Lung injury in vivax malaria: Pathophysiological evidence for pulmonary vascular sequestration and posttreatment alveolar-capillary inflammation","volume":"195","author":"Anstey","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cox-Singh, J., Singh, B., Daneshvar, C., Planche, T., Parker-Williams, J., and Krishna, S. (2011). Anti-inflammatory cytokines predominate in acute human Plasmodium knowlesi infections. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0020541"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-9-13","article-title":"Severe Plasmodium vivax malaria exhibits marked inflammatory imbalance","volume":"9","author":"Andrade","year":"2010","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3635","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11332-4","article-title":"Robust continuous in vitro culture of the Plasmodium cynomolgi erythrocytic stages","volume":"10","author":"Chua","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00074-12","article-title":"Evidence and implications of mortality associated with acute Plasmodium vivax malaria","volume":"26","author":"Baird","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2006.01635.x","article-title":"Stronger host response per parasitized erythrocyte in Plasmodium vivax or ovale than in Plasmodium falciparum malaria","volume":"11","author":"Hemmer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-016-1480-6","article-title":"Plasmodium cynomolgi infections in rhesus macaques display clinical and parasitological features pertinent to modelling vivax malaria pathology and relapse infections","volume":"15","author":"Joyner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(62)90007-X","article-title":"Clinical and physiological responses in sporozoite-induced B strain Plasmodium cynomolgi and Plasmodium vivax infections in normal volunteers","volume":"56","author":"Kuvin","year":"1962","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1936","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2510.190448","article-title":"Plasmodium cynomolgi as cause of malaria in tourist to Southeast Asia, 2018","volume":"25","author":"Hartmeyer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1986.35.1077","article-title":"Compatibility of relapse patterns of Plasmodium cynomolgi infections in rhesus monkeys with continuous cyclical development and hypnozoite concepts of relapse","volume":"35","author":"Schmidt","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02761992000700001","article-title":"Simian malaria in Brazil","volume":"87","author":"Deane","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(88)90099-0","article-title":"Structure of the circumsporozoite gene of Plasmodium malariae","volume":"30","author":"Lal","year":"1988","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00027-07","article-title":"Plasmodium malariae: Parasite and disease","volume":"20","author":"Collins","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2010.08261.x","article-title":"High density of \u2018spiky\u2018 excrescences covering the surface of an erythrocyte infected with Plasmodium malariae","volume":"151","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Erkenswick, G.A., Watsa, M., Pacheco, M.A., Escalante, A.A., and Parker, P.G. (2017). Chronic Plasmodium brasilianum infections in wild Peruvian tamarins. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0184504"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1938.s1-18.347","article-title":"The infection of reticulocytes by Plasmodium vivax. Am","volume":"s1-18","author":"Kitchen","year":"1938","journal-title":"Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2017-02-764787","article-title":"Strict tropism for CD71(+)\/CD234(+) human reticulocytes limits the zoonotic potential of Plasmodium cynomolgi","volume":"130","author":"Kosaisavee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2010.08.007","article-title":"Unresolved direction of host transfer of Plasmodium vivax v. P. simium and P. malariae v. P. brasilianum","volume":"11","author":"Tazi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms2612","article-title":"Expansion of host cellular niche can drive adaptation of a zoonotic malaria parasite to humans","volume":"4","author":"Lim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1216457110","article-title":"Adaptation of the genetically tractable malaria pathogen Plasmodium knowlesi to continuous culture in human erythrocytes","volume":"110","author":"Moon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-4758(96)80641-7","article-title":"Plasmodium vivax: Merozoites, invasion of reticulocytes and considerations for malaria vaccine development","volume":"12","author":"Galinski","year":"1996","journal-title":"Parasitol. Today"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix583","article-title":"Functional conservation of the AMA1 host-cell invasion ligand between P. falciparum and P. vivax: A novel platform to accelerate vaccine and drug development","volume":"217","author":"Drew","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(01)00472-8","article-title":"Plasmodium vivax MSP-1 peptides have high specific binding activity to human reticulocytes","volume":"20","author":"Urquiza","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01117-12","article-title":"The Plasmodium vivax merozoite surface protein 1 paralog is a novel erythrocyte-binding ligand of P. vivax","volume":"81","author":"Cheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuw001","article-title":"Merozoite surface proteins in red blood cell invasion, immunity and vaccines against malaria","volume":"40","author":"Beeson","year":"2016","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13110","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.13110","article-title":"Plasmodium vivax reticulocyte binding proteins for invasion into reticulocytes","volume":"22","author":"Chan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malleret, B., Sahili, A.E., Tay, M.Z., Carissimo, G., Ong, A.S.M., Novera, W., Lin, J., Suwanarusk, R., Kosaisavee, V., and Chu, T.T.T. (2021). Plasmodium vivax binds host CD98hc (SLC3A2) to enter immature red blood cells. Nat. Microbiol.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-021-00939-3"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0249-1","article-title":"Cryo-EM structure of an essential Plasmodium vivax invasion complex","volume":"559","author":"Gruszczyk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aan1078","article-title":"Transferrin receptor 1 is a reticulocyte-specific receptor for Plasmodium vivax","volume":"359","author":"Gruszczyk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2017.10.006","article-title":"Molecular interactions governing host-specificity of blood stage malaria parasites","volume":"40","author":"Scully","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-017-1984-8","article-title":"The Duffy binding protein (PkDBPalphaII) of Plasmodium knowlesi from Peninsular Malaysia and Malaysian Borneo show different binding activity level to human erythrocytes","volume":"16","author":"Lim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6271","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1606113113","article-title":"Role of Plasmodium vivax Duffy-binding protein 1 in invasion of Duffy-null Africans","volume":"113","author":"Gunalan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hester, J., Chan, E.R., Menard, D., Mercereau-Puijalon, O., Barnwell, J., Zimmerman, P.A., and Serre, D. (2013). De novo assembly of a field isolate genome reveals novel Plasmodium vivax erythrocyte invasion genes. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002569"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1145213","article-title":"Erythrocyte receptors for (Plasmodium knowlesi) malaria: Duffy blood group determinants","volume":"189","author":"Miller","year":"1975","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-020-03372-9","article-title":"The biology of unconventional invasion of Duffy-negative reticulocytes by Plasmodium vivax and its implication in malaria epidemiology and public health","volume":"19","author":"Golassa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ar\u00e9valo-Pinz\u00f3n, G., Berm\u00fadez, M., Hern\u00e1ndez, D., Curtidor, H., and Patarroyocorresponding, M.A. (2017). Plasmodium vivax ligand-receptor interaction: PvAMA-1 domain I contains the minimal regions for specific interaction with CD71+ reticulocytes. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-10025-6"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2012.02.008","article-title":"Pv12, a 6-Cys antigen of Plasmodium vivax, is localized to the merozoite rhoptry","volume":"61","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hostetler, J.B., Sharma, S., Bartholdson, S.J., Wright, G.J., Fairhurst, R.M., and Rayner, J.C. (2015). A library of Plasmodium vivax recombinant merozoite proteins reveals new vaccine candidates and protein-protein interactions. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004264"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2008.08.163","article-title":"Characterisation of the Plasmodium vivax Pv38 antigen","volume":"376","author":"Mongui","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2008.10.129","article-title":"The Plasmodium vivax Pv41 surface protein: Identification and characterization","volume":"377","author":"Angel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2016.10.002","article-title":"The s48\/45 six-cysteine proteins: Mediators of interaction throughout the Plasmodium life cycle","volume":"47","author":"Arredondo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6141","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.6141","article-title":"The Plasmodium knowlesi Pk41 surface protein diversity, natural selection, sub population and geographical clustering: A 6-cysteine protein family member","volume":"6","author":"Ahmed","year":"2018","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3083","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.03067-14","article-title":"Immunoprofiling of the tryptophan-rich antigen family in Plasmodium vivax","volume":"83","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis650","article-title":"Presence of memory T cells and naturally acquired antibodies in Plasmodium vivax malaria-exposed individuals against a group of tryptophan-rich antigens with conserved sequences","volume":"207","author":"Zeeshan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2018","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.03095-14","article-title":"CD4+ T cell response correlates with naturally acquired antibodies against Plasmodium vivax tryptophan-rich antigens","volume":"83","author":"Zeeshan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tyagi, K., Hossain, M.E., Thakur, V., Aggarwal, P., Malhotra, P., Mohmmed, A., and Sharma, Y.D. (2016). Plasmodium vivax tryptophan rich antigen PvTRAg36.6 interacts with PvETRAMP and PvTRAg56.6 interacts with PvMSP7 during erythrocytic stages of the parasite. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0151065"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20257","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M115.644906","article-title":"Interaction of Plasmodium vivax tryptophan-rich antigen PvTRAg38 with Band 3 on human erythrocyte surface facilitates parasite growth","volume":"290","author":"Alam","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M116.744367","article-title":"Basigin interacts with Plasmodium vivax tryptophan-rich antigen PvTRAg38 as a second erythrocyte receptor to promote parasite growth","volume":"292","author":"Rathore","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tyagi, K., Gupta, D., Saini, E., Choudhary, S., Jamwal, A., Alam, M.S., Zeeshan, M., Tyagi, R.K., and Sharma, Y.D. (2015). Recognition of human erythrocyte receptors by the tryptophan-rich antigens of monkey malaria parasite Plasmodium knowlesi. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0138691"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5781","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-23728-1","article-title":"Cross-species analysis of apical asparagine-rich protein of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium knowlesi","volume":"8","author":"Muh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2185-6","article-title":"Characterising PvRBSA: An exclusive protein from Plasmodium species infecting reticulocytes","volume":"10","author":"Baquero","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-017-1760-9","article-title":"Identification of a novel merozoite surface antigen of Plasmodium vivax, PvMSA180","volume":"16","author":"Muh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Changrob, S., Wang, B., Han, J.H., Lee, S.K., Nyunt, M.H., Lim, C.S., Tsuboi, T., Chootong, P., and Han, E.T. (2016). Correction: Naturally-acquired immune response against Plasmodium vivax rhoptry-associated membrane antigen. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0153110"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2007.05.015","article-title":"Identifying and characterising the Plasmodium falciparum RhopH3 Plasmodium vivax homologue","volume":"358","author":"Mongui","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-015-0698-z","article-title":"Antigenicity and immunogenicity of PvRALP1, a novel Plasmodium vivax rhoptry neck protein","volume":"14","author":"Cheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29185","DOI":"10.1038\/srep29185","article-title":"A novel Plasmodium falciparum rhoptry associated adhesin mediates erythrocyte invasion through the sialic-acid dependent pathway","volume":"6","author":"Anand","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2183-8","article-title":"PvGAMA reticulocyte binding activity: Predicting conserved functional regions by natural selection analysis","volume":"10","author":"Baquero","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35581","DOI":"10.1038\/srep35581","article-title":"Plasmodium vivax GPI-anchored micronemal antigen (PvGAMA) binds human erythrocytes independent of Duffy antigen status","volume":"6","author":"Cheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.16217","article-title":"Plasmodium kinase disruption: New hopes for anti-malarial drug discovery","volume":"188","author":"Malleret","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/10\/7\/889\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:29:45Z","timestamp":1760164185000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/10\/7\/889"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,13]]},"references-count":161,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens10070889"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens10070889","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,13]]}}}