{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T19:10:55Z","timestamp":1791486655719,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,15]],"date-time":"2021-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>West Nile virus (WNV) is an emerging and re-emerging zoonotic flavivirus first identified in and endemic to Africa. The virus is transmitted between birds by biting mosquitoes, with equids and humans being incidental hosts. The majority of infected incidental hosts display no or only mild clinical signs, but a fraction develop encephalitis. The aim of this scoping review was to identify and evaluate primary research on the presence of antibodies to WNV among African equids. Three bibliographic databases and the grey literature were searched. Of 283 articles identified, only 16 satisfied all the inclusion criteria. Data were collated on study design and outcomes. The overall seroprevalence reported ranged from 17.4 to 90.3%, with 1998 (35%) of the 5746 horses, donkeys and mules having screened positive for WNV antibodies. Several articles determined that seroprevalence increased significantly with age. Due to co-circulation of other flaviviruses in Africa, in the majority of studies that screened samples by ELISA, positive results were confirmed using a more specific neutralization test. However, only eight studies tested against other flaviviruses, including Potiskum, Uganda S, Wesselsbron and yellow fever virus in one, Japanese encephalitis and Usutu virus (USUV) in one, tick-borne encephalitis and USUV in one and USUV only in three. Equids are regarded as useful sentinel animals for WNV, but variation in study design poses challenges when trying to determine risk factors for, and trends in, WNV seroprevalence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10070899","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,15]],"date-time":"2021-07-15T09:32:07Z","timestamp":1626341527000},"page":"899","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["A Scoping Review of West Nile Virus Seroprevalence Studies among African Equids"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5312-8591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olaolu T.","family":"Olufemi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"One Virology\u2014Wolfson Centre for Global Virus Research, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Jos, Jos 930003, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3677-7239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Barba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiological Agents Associated with Animal Reproduction (ProVaginBio), Veterinary Faculty, University Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Spain"},{"name":"Innovation Centre in Rural Bioeconomy, Agrifood Research and Technology Centre of Aragon (CITA), Av. Monta\u00f1ana, 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1912-4500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janet M.","family":"Daly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"One Virology\u2014Wolfson Centre for Global Virus Research, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"MacLachlan, N.J., and Dubovi, E.J. (2017). Chapter 29: Flaviviridae. Fenner\u2019s Veterinary Virology, Elsevier Academic Press. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1940.s1-20.471","article-title":"A neurotropic virus isolated from the blood of a native of Uganda","volume":"1","author":"Smithburn","year":"1940","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. 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