{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:12:06Z","timestamp":1760235126666,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,22]],"date-time":"2021-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#312979\/2018-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#312979\/2018-5"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Female sex workers (FSWs) are an important group of people vulnerable to sexually transmitted infections. Northern Brazil is a rural and socioeconomically underdeveloped region, with lack of epidemiological information on syphilis in key populations. This study investigated the prevalence and factors associated with exposure to Treponema pallidum among FSWs in three major cities in northern Brazil. This cross-sectional study was conducted with a convenience sample of 415 FSWs from the cities of Bel\u00e9m, Macap\u00e1, and Rio Branco. Blood samples and personal data were collected from January 2009 to August 2010. Rapid plasma reagin and immunoenzymatic assays were used to detect antibodies against T. pallidum. Logistic regression models were used to determine factors associated with exposure to T. pallidum. In total, 36.1% were exposed to T. pallidum, and 15.7% had active syphilis. Sexual risk behaviors, use of illicit drugs, low education, and reduced monthly income were associated with exposure to T. pallidum. The high rate of exposure to T. pallidum indicates the urgent need for measures to identify, treat, and prevent syphilis and an education program for the valuation, care, and social inclusion of FSWs in northern Brazil.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10080923","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,22]],"date-time":"2021-07-22T22:35:31Z","timestamp":1626993331000},"page":"923","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Treponema pallidum among Female Sex Workers: A Cross-Sectional Study Conducted in Three Major Cities in Northern Brazil"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4571-4715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luiz Fernando Almeida","family":"Machado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasit\u00e1rios, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal do Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline Cortinhas","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Virologia, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal do Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leonardo Quint\u00e3o","family":"Siravenha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Virologia, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal do Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcelo Pereira","family":"Mota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Virologia, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal do Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marlinda de Carvalho","family":"Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Acre, Rio Branco 69900-607, AC, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adalto Sampaio dos","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Acre, Rio Branco 69900-607, AC, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M\u00e1rcio Ronaldo Chagas","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Se\u00e7\u00e3o de Virologia, Laborat\u00f3rio Central de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica do Amap\u00e1, Macap\u00e1 68905-320, AP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6986-1309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rog\u00e9rio Valois","family":"Laurentino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Virologia, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal do Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4888-3530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aldemir Branco","family":"Oliveira-Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Estudo e Pesquisa em Popula\u00e7\u00f5es Vulner\u00e1veis, Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Universidade Federal do Par\u00e1, Bragan\u00e7a 68600-000, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Alice Freitas","family":"Queiroz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasit\u00e1rios, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal do Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, PA, Brazil"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Virologia, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal do Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sandra Souza","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Virologia, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal do Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Ishak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasit\u00e1rios, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal do Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, PA, Brazil"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Virologia, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal do Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marlu\u00edsa de Oliveira Guimar\u00e3es","family":"Ishak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasit\u00e1rios, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal do Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, PA, Brazil"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Virologia, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal do Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17073","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.73","article-title":"Syphilis","volume":"3","author":"Peeling","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. 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