{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T06:15:36Z","timestamp":1792736136696,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":153,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,28]],"date-time":"2021-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017029","name":"School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017029","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LP140100691 and DP180103494"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LP140100691 and DP180103494"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Chlamydia are a globally distributed genus of bacteria that can infect and cause disease in a range of hosts. Birds are the primary host for multiple chlamydial species. The most well-known of these is Chlamydia psittaci, a zoonotic bacterium that has been identified in a range of wild and domesticated birds. Wild birds are often proposed as a reservoir of Chlamydia psittaci and potentially other chlamydial species. The aim of this review is to present the current knowledge of chlamydial infections in wild avian populations. We focus on C. psittaci but also consider other Chlamydiaceae and Chlamydia-related bacteria that have been identified in wild birds. We summarise the diversity, host range, and clinical signs of infection in wild birds and consider the potential implications of these infections for zoonotic transmission and avian conservation. Chlamydial bacteria have been found in more than 70 species of wild birds, with the greatest chlamydial diversity identified in Europe. The Corvidae and Accipitridae families are emerging as significant chlamydial hosts, in addition to established wild hosts such as the Columbidae. Clarifying the effects of these bacteria on avian host fitness and the zoonotic potential of emerging Chlamydiales will help us to understand the implications of these infections for avian and human health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10080948","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,28]],"date-time":"2021-07-28T11:12:52Z","timestamp":1627470772000},"page":"948","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["A Review of Chlamydial Infections in Wild Birds"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1210-6438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena S.","family":"Stokes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5774-3089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mathew L.","family":"Berg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew T. D.","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985817751218","article-title":"A Review on Chlamydial Diseases in Animals: Still a Challenge for Pathologists?","volume":"55","author":"Borel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-49-2-415","article-title":"Emended description of the order Chlamydiales, proposal of Parachlamydiaceae fam. nov. and Simkaniaceae fam. nov., each containing one monotypic genus, revised taxonomy of the family Chlamydiaceae, including a new genus and five new species, and standards for the identification of organisms","volume":"49","author":"Everett","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/ftu007","article-title":"Chlamydia psittaci: Update on an underestimated zoonotic agent","volume":"73","author":"Knittler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheong, H.C., Lee, C.Y.Q., Cheok, Y.Y., Tan, G.M.Y., Looi, C.Y., and Wong, W.F. (2019). Chlamydiaceae: Diseases in Primary Hosts and Zoonosis. Microorganisms, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7050146"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.syapm.2019.06.002","article-title":"Chlamydia buteonis, a new Chlamydia species isolated from a red-shouldered hawk","volume":"42","author":"Laroucau","year":"2019","journal-title":"Syst. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126071","DOI":"10.1016\/j.syapm.2020.126071","article-title":"Detection of a novel Chlamydia species in captive spur-thighed tortoises (Testudo graeca) in southeastern Spain and proposal of Candidatus Chlamydia testudinis","volume":"43","author":"Laroucau","year":"2020","journal-title":"Syst. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1007\/s40588-014-0010-y","article-title":"Avian Chlamydiosis","volume":"2","author":"Sachse","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Clin. Microbiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1002\/2052-2975.29","article-title":"Clinical features of endemic community-acquired psittacosis","volume":"2","author":"Branley","year":"2014","journal-title":"New Microbes New Infect."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1103.040601","article-title":"Probable Psittacosis Outbreak Linked to Wild Birds","volume":"11","author":"Telfer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1080\/03079450310001593613","article-title":"Avian host range of Chlamydophila spp. based on isolation, antigen detection and serology","volume":"32","author":"Kaleta","year":"2003","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swayne, D.E., Boulianne, M., Logue, C.M., McDougald, L.R., Nair, V., Suarez, D.L., de Wit, S., Grimes, T., Johnson, D., and Kromm, M. (2020). Avian Chlamydiosis. Diseases of Poultry, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. [14th ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119371199"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4581","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00778-15","article-title":"Chlamydiaceae in North Atlantic Seabirds Admitted to a Wildlife Rescue Center in Western France","volume":"81","author":"Aaziz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomas, N., Hunter, D., and Atkinson, C. (2007). Avian Chlamydiosis. Infectious Diseases of Wild Birds, Blackwell Publishing Professional. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470344668"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Ritchie, B., Harrison, G., and Harrison, L. (1994). Chlamydia. Avian Medicine: Principles and Application, Wingers Publishing, Inc."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2008.09.046","article-title":"Chlamydophila psittaci infections in birds: A review with emphasis on zoonotic consequences","volume":"135","author":"Harkinezhad","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1053\/jcpa.2002.0629","article-title":"Animal Chlamydioses and Zoonotic Implications","volume":"128","author":"Longbottom","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jepm.2010.11.007","article-title":"Compendium of Measures to Control Chlamydophila psittaci Infection Among Humans (Psittacosis) and Pet Birds (Avian Chlamydiosis), 2010 National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians (NASPHV)","volume":"20","author":"Smith","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Exot. Pet Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.19.2.1223","article-title":"Avian chlamydiosis","volume":"19","author":"Andersen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sci. Tech. Rev. Off. Int. Epizoot."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-31.3.424","article-title":"Probable Epizootic Chlamydiosis in Wild California (Larus californicus) and Ring-Billed (Larus delawarensis) Gulls in North Dakota","volume":"31","author":"Franson","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7","DOI":"10.1038\/emi.2016.135","article-title":"Multilocus sequence typing identifies an avian-like Chlamydia psittaci strain involved in equine placentitis and associated with subsequent human psittacosis","volume":"6","author":"Jelocnik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2017.02.003","article-title":"An outbreak of psittacosis at a veterinary school demonstrating a novel source of infection","volume":"3","author":"Chan","year":"2017","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2008.09.045","article-title":"Chlamydial infections in feral pigeons in Europe: Review of data and focus on public health implications","volume":"135","author":"Magnino","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/S0923-2508(97)81588-4","article-title":"Characterization of avian Chlamydia psittaci strains using ompl restriction mapping and serovar-specific monoclonal antibodies","volume":"148","author":"Vanrompay","year":"1997","journal-title":"Res. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2456","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.5.2456-2461.2005","article-title":"Sequencing of the Chlamydophila psittaci ompA gene reveals a new genotype, E\/B, and the need for a rapid discriminatory genotyping method","volume":"43","author":"Geens","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.29.4.707-711.1991","article-title":"Serotyping of Chlamydia psittaci Isolates Using Serovar-Specific Monoclonal Antibodies with the Microimmunofluorescence Test\u2019","volume":"29","author":"Andersen","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sachse, K., Laroucau, K., Hotzel, H., Schubert, E., Ehricht, R., and Slickers, P. (2008). Genotyping of Chlamydophila psittaci using a new DNA microarray assay based on sequence analysis of ompA genes. BMC Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-8-63"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Read, T.D., Joseph, S.J., Didelot, X., Liang, B., Patel, L., and Dean, D. (2013). Comparative analysis of Chlamydia psittaci genomes reveals the recent emergence of a pathogenic lineage with a broad host range. mBio, 4.","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00604-12"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/srep30019","article-title":"Australian human and parrot Chlamydia psittaci strains cluster within the highly virulent 6BC clade of this important zoonotic pathogen","volume":"6","author":"Branley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szymanska-Czerwinska, M., Mitura, A., Niemczuk, K., Zareba, K., Jodelko, A., Pluta, A., Scharf, S., Vitek, B., Aaziz, R., and Vorimore, F. (2017). Dissemination and genetic diversity of chlamydial agents in Polish wildfowl: Isolation and molecular characterisation of avian Chlamydia abortus strains. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0174599"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1007\/s10344-009-0275-2","article-title":"Prevalence of Chlamydophila psittaci in wild birds\u2014Potential risk for domestic poultry, pet birds, and public health?","volume":"55","author":"Zweifel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Wildl. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000437","DOI":"10.1136\/vetreco-2020-000437","article-title":"Detection of Chlamydiaceae in Swiss wild birds sampled at a bird rehabilitation centre","volume":"7","author":"Stalder","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Rec. Open"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amery-Gale, J., Legione, A.R., Marenda, M.S., Owens, J., Eden, P.A., Konsak-Ilievski, B.M., Whiteley, P.L., Dobson, E.C., Browne, E.A., and Slocombe, R.F. (2020). Surveillance for Chlamydia spp. with Multilocus Sequence Typing Analysis in Wild and Captive Birds in Victoria, Australia. J. Wildl. Dis., 56.","DOI":"10.7589\/2018-11-281"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20478","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-77500-5","article-title":"Species, sex and geographic variation in chlamydial prevalence in abundant wild Australian parrots","volume":"10","author":"Stokes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stalder, S., Marti, H., Borel, N., Sachse, K., Albini, S., and Vogler, B.R. (2020). Occurrence of Chlamydiaceae in Raptors and Crows in Switzerland. Pathogens, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9090724"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2020.02.007","article-title":"Chlamydia psittaci in fulmars on the Faroe Islands: A causative link to South American psittacines eight decades after a severe epidemic","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.16-0516","article-title":"Molecular prevalence and genotyping of Chlamydia spp. in wild birds from South Korea","volume":"79","author":"Jeong","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1638\/2017-0053R.1","article-title":"Atypical Chlamydiaceae in wild populations of hawks (Buteo spp.) in California","volume":"49","author":"Hawkins","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Zoo Wildl. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2009.08.005","article-title":"Isolation of a new chlamydial agent from infected domestic poultry coincided with cases of atypical pneumonia among slaughterhouse workers in France","volume":"9","author":"Laroucau","year":"2009","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.syapm.2013.12.004","article-title":"Evidence for the existence of two new members of the family Chlamydiaceae and proposal of Chlamydia avium sp. nov. and Chlamydia gallinacea sp. nov","volume":"37","author":"Sachse","year":"2014","journal-title":"Syst. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heijne, M., van der Goot, J.A., Fijten, H., van der Giessen, J.W., Kuijt, E., Maassen, C.B.M., van Roon, A., Wit, B., Koets, A.P., and Roest, H.I.J. (2018). A cross sectional study on Dutch layer farms to investigate the prevalence and potential risk factors for different Chlamydia species. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0190774"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2212","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2012.02800.x","article-title":"Molecular characterization of atypical Chlamydia and evidence of their dissemination in different European and Asian chicken flocks by specific real-time PCR","volume":"14","author":"Zocevic","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19638","DOI":"10.1038\/srep19638","article-title":"Chlamydia gallinacea, not C. psittaci, is the endemic chlamydial species in chicken (Gallus gallus)","volume":"6","author":"Guo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104922","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2020.104922","article-title":"Cross-sectional study on Chlamydiaceae prevalence and associated risk factors on commercial and backyard poultry farms in Mexico","volume":"176","author":"Vorimore","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2701","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268817001650","article-title":"Chlamydia gallinacea: A widespread emerging Chlamydia agent with zoonotic potential in backyard poultry","volume":"145","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2014.993593","article-title":"Genetic diversity of Chlamydia among captive birds from central Argentina","volume":"44","author":"Frutos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13703","article-title":"Chlamydial diversity and predictors of infection in a wild Australian parrot, the Crimson Rosella (Platycercus elegans)","volume":"68","author":"Stokes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mattmann, P., Marti, H., Borel, N., Jelocnik, M., Albini, S., and Vogler, B.R. (2019). Chlamydiaceae in wild, feral and domestic pigeons in Switzerland and insight into population dynamics by Chlamydia psittaci multilocus sequence typing. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0226088"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2018.1482028","article-title":"Chlamydia psittaci and C. avium in feral pigeon (Columba livia domestica) droppings in two cities in the Netherlands","volume":"38","author":"Burt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Q."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jepm.2018.02.035","article-title":"Chlamydia avium Detection from a Ring-Necked Parakeet (Psittacula Krameri) in France","volume":"27","author":"Pisanu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Exot. Pet Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vorimore, F., Hsia, R.C., Huot-Creasy, H., Bastian, S., Deruyter, L., Passet, A., Sachse, K., Bavoil, P., Myers, G., and Laroucau, K. (2013). Isolation of a New Chlamydia species from the Feral Sacred Ibis (Threskiornis aethiopicus): Chlamydia ibidis. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0074823"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268819002231","article-title":"Detection of Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia ibidis in the Endangered Crested Ibis (Nipponia nippon)","volume":"148","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2015.1814","article-title":"Prevalence of Chlamydia psittaci and Other Chlamydia Species in Wild Birds in Poland","volume":"15","author":"Krawiec","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2008.02633.x","article-title":"Parachlamydia acanthamoebae, an emerging agent of pneumonia","volume":"15","author":"Greub","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s40588-014-0011-x","article-title":"Chlamydia-related Organisms: Infection in Ruminants and Potential for Zoonotic transmission","volume":"2","author":"Wheelhouse","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Clin. Microbiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13171","article-title":"Detection of a range of genetically diverse chlamydiae in Australian domesticated and wild ungulates","volume":"66","author":"Jelocnik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Robertson, T., and Noormohammadi, A.H. (2011). Investigation of the Prevalence of Chlamydiosis in the Australian Chicken Meat Industry, Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1758-2229.2010.00174.x","article-title":"A novel Chlamydiaceae-like bacterium found in faecal specimens from sea birds from the Bering Sea","volume":"2","author":"Christerson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"1","article-title":"Twenty years of research into Chlamydia-like organisms: A revolution in our understanding of the biology and pathogenicity of members of the phylum Chlamydiae","volume":"73","author":"Vaughan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1090.2000.tb00704.x","article-title":"Globally threatened parrots: Criteria, characteristics and cures","volume":"37","author":"Collar","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. Zoo Yearb."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.1953.51","article-title":"Psittacosis among birds in South Australia I. A survey of infection in some common species in 1951 and 1952","volume":"31","author":"Beech","year":"1953","journal-title":"Aust. J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1080\/09712119.1997.9706190","article-title":"Prevalence of Chlamydia psittaci among feral birds in Himachal Pradesh, India","volume":"12","author":"Chahota","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Appl. Anim. Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2006.06.025","article-title":"Chlamydophila psittaci in free-living Blue-fronted Amazon parrots (Amazona aestiva) and Hyacinth macaws (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus) in the Pantanal of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil","volume":"117","author":"Seixas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2019.07.012","article-title":"Disease surveillance in wild Victorian cacatuids reveals co-infection with multiple agents and detection of novel avian viruses","volume":"235","author":"Sutherland","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1111\/avj.12856","article-title":"Identification of Chlamydia gallinacea in a parrot and in free-range chickens in Australia","volume":"97","author":"Stokes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.023499-0","article-title":"Chlamydophila psittaci in homing and feral pigeons and zoonotic transmission","volume":"59","author":"Dickx","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2012.01.002","article-title":"More than classical Chlamydia psittaci in urban pigeons","volume":"157","author":"Sachse","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.67.951","article-title":"Bacteriological Survey of Feces from Feral Pigeons in Japan","volume":"67","author":"Tanaka","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1590\/1806-9061-2016-0296","article-title":"Screening of Feral Pigeons (Columba livia) for Pathogens of Veterinary and Medical Importance","volume":"18","author":"Ferreira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Braz. J. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.10.006","article-title":"Chlamydophila psittaci and Toxoplasma gondii infection in pigeons (Columba livia) from Sao Paulo State, Brazil","volume":"175","author":"Langoni","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1637\/11475-072216-Reg","article-title":"Persistence of Chlamydia psittaci in Various Temperatures and Times","volume":"61","author":"Wannaratana","year":"2017","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/S1995-7645(14)60195-4","article-title":"Detection and characterization of Chlamydophila psittaci in asymptomatic feral pigeons (Columba livia domestica) in central Thailand","volume":"8","author":"Sariya","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12817","article-title":"Molecular evidence to suggest pigeon-type Chlamydia psittaci in association with an equine foal loss","volume":"65","author":"Jelocnik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2012.1131","article-title":"Prevalence and genotype distribution of Chlamydia psittaci in feral Canada geese (Branta canadensis) in Belgium","volume":"13","author":"Dickx","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1202.050404","article-title":"Chlamydophila psittaci in Fulmars, the Faroe Islands","volume":"12","author":"Hermann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638716646408","article-title":"Rhabdochlamydia spp. in an Oregon raptor","volume":"28","author":"Jouffroy","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blomqvist, M., Christerson, L., Waldenstrom, J., Lindberg, P., Helander, B., Gunnarsson, G., Herrmann, B., and Olsen, B. (2012). Chlamydia psittaci in birds of prey, Sweden. Infect. Ecol. Epidemiol., 2.","DOI":"10.3402\/iee.v2i0.8435"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1931","DOI":"10.1007\/s00300-015-1748-2","article-title":"Chlamydiaceae-like bacterium, but no Chlamydia psittaci, in sea birds from Antarctica","volume":"38","author":"Isaksson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Polar Biol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vorimore, F., H\u00f6lzer, M., Liebler-Tenorio, E.M., Barf, L.M., Delannoy, S., Vittecoq, M., Wedlarski, R., L\u00e9cu, A., Scharf, S., and Blanchard, Y. (2021). Evidence for the existence of a new genus Chlamydiifrater gen. nov. inside the family Chlamydiaceae with two new species isolated from flamingo (Phoenicopterus roseus): Chlamydiifrater phoenicopteri sp. nov. and Chlamydiifrater volucris sp. nov. Syst. Appl. Microbiol.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.syapm.2021.126200"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2016.10.018","article-title":"Chlamydial infections in wildlife-conservation threats and\/or reservoirs of \u2019spill-over\u2019 infections?","volume":"196","author":"Burnard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1080\/03079459708419252","article-title":"Investigation on the frequency of Chlamydia sp. infections in tits (Paridae)","volume":"26","author":"Marschang","year":"1997","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-014-0951-x","article-title":"Chlamydiosis in British Garden Birds (2005\u20132011): Retrospective Diagnosis and Chlamydia psittaci Genotype Determination","volume":"11","author":"Beckmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"EcoHealth"},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"144","article-title":"Chlamydophila psittaci assessment in threatened red-tailed Amazon (Amazona brasiliensis) parrots in Paran\u00e1, Brazil","volume":"6","author":"Ribas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ornithologia"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjm.2017.03.004","article-title":"Survey of pathogens in threatened wild red-tailed Amazon parrot (Amazona brasiliensis) nestlings in Rasa Island, Brazil","volume":"48","author":"Vaz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1638\/04094.1","article-title":"Health evaluation of free-ranging and captive blue-fronted Amazon parrots (Amazona aestiva) in the Gran chaco, Bolivia","volume":"36","author":"Deem","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Zoo Wildl. Med."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-31.4.523","article-title":"A survey for selected viral, chlamydial, and parasitic diseases in wild dusky-headed parakeets (Aratinga weddellii) and tui parakeets (Brotogeris sanctithomae) in Peru","volume":"31","author":"Gilardi","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"1","article-title":"Monitoring of the infectious agent Chlamydia psittaci in common swifts (Apus apus) in the area of Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany","volume":"134","author":"Tiyawattanaroj","year":"2021","journal-title":"Berl. M\u00fcnchener Tier\u00e4rztliche Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1080\/09712119.2007.9706841","article-title":"Prevalence of Pathogens in Great White Pelicans (Pelecanus onocrotalus) from the Western Cape, South Africa","volume":"32","author":"Rosales","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Appl. Anim. Res."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.7589\/2017-06-145","article-title":"Chlamydia Psittaci in Feral Rosy-Faced Lovebirds (Agapornis Roseicollis) and Other Backyard Birds in Maricopa County, Arizona, USA","volume":"54","author":"Dusek","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.2012.740656","article-title":"First detection of Chlamydia psittaci from a wild native passerine bird in New Zealand","volume":"61","author":"Gartrell","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Z. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahzounieh, M., Moloudizargari, M., Ghasemi Shams Abadi, M., Baninameh, Z., and Heidari Khoei, H. (2020). Prevalence Rate and Phylogenetic Analysis of Chlamydia psittaci in Pigeon and House Sparrow Specimens and the Potential Human Infection Risk in Chahrmahal-va-Bakhtiari, Iran. Arch. Clin. Infect. Dis., 15.","DOI":"10.5812\/archcid.67565"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1999.tb12123.x","article-title":"Methods of detection of Chlamydia psittaci in domesticated and wild birds","volume":"77","author":"McElnea","year":"1999","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1638\/03-029","article-title":"Survey for haemoproteus spp., trichomonas gallinae, chlamydophila psittaci, and salmonella spp. in Galapagos Islands Columbiformes","volume":"35","author":"Padilla","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Zoo Wildl. Med."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-39.1.57","article-title":"Newcastle disease virus and Chlamydia psittaci in free-living raptors from eastern Germany","volume":"39","author":"Schettler","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-37.1.145","article-title":"Seroepizootiology of selected infectious disease agents in free-living birds of prey in Germany","volume":"37","author":"Schettler","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.164.1.16","article-title":"Prevalence of Chlamydophila psittaci-positive cloacal PCR tests in wild avian casualties in the UK","volume":"164","author":"Sharples","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3009","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2014-04219","article-title":"The prevalence and genetic characterization of Chlamydia psittaci from domestic and feral pigeons in Poland and the correlation between infection rate and incidence of pigeon circovirus","volume":"93","author":"Stenzel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Floriano, A.M., Rigamonti, S., Comandatore, F., Scaltriti, E., Longbottom, D., Livingstone, M., Laroucau, K., Gaffuri, A., Pongolini, S., and Magnino, S. (2020). Complete Genome Sequence of Chlamydia avium PV 4360\/2, Isolated from a Feral Pigeon in Italy. Microbiol. Resour. Announc., 9.","DOI":"10.1128\/MRA.01509-19"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/ftv005","article-title":"Host preference and zoonotic potential of Chlamydia psittaci and C. gallinacea in poultry","volume":"73","author":"Hulin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doosti, A., and Arshi, A. (2011). Determination of the Prevalence of Chlamydia psittaci by PCR in Iranian Pigeons. Int. J. Biol., 3.","DOI":"10.5539\/ijb.v3n4p79"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268814000363","article-title":"Seroprevalence and genotype of Chlamydia in pet parrots in China","volume":"143","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.059287-0","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Chlamydia psittaci infection in market-sold adult chickens, ducks and pigeons in north-western China","volume":"62","author":"Cong","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.070003-0","article-title":"Chlamydia psittaci exposure in pet birds","volume":"63","author":"Cong","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.2307\/3798753","article-title":"Recovery of Ornithosis Agent from Naturally Infected White-Winged Doves","volume":"30","author":"Grimes","year":"1966","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Manag."},{"key":"ref_104","unstructured":"Goltz, J.P., and Huines, J.G. (2000). Psittacosis in Wild Rock Doves. Canadian Cooperative Wildlife Health Centre Newsletter, Canadian Cooperative Wildlife Center."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.3613.633","article-title":"A study of psittacosis","volume":"1","author":"Hutchison","year":"1930","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1638\/1042-7260(2002)033[0118:EOCPII]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Evidence of Chlamydophila psittaci infection in captive Amazon parrots in Brazil","volume":"33","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Zoo Wildl. Med."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1638\/02-090","article-title":"An outbreak of chlamydiosis in captive Blue-fronted Amazon parrots (Amazona aestiva) in Brazil","volume":"35","author":"Godoy","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Zoo Wildl. Med."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-4162-7919","article-title":"Ocorr\u00eancia de Chlamydophila psittaci em pombos (Columba livia) na cidade de Salvador, Bahia","volume":"67","author":"Leal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arq. Bras. Med. Veterin\u00e1ria Zootec."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022172400032435","article-title":"Enzootic psittacosis amongst wild Australian parrots","volume":"35","author":"Burnet","year":"1935","journal-title":"J. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.2018.1439779","article-title":"A preliminary survey of Chlamydia psittaci genotypes from native and introduced birds in New Zealand","volume":"66","author":"Gedye","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Z. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijvsm.2013.12.002","article-title":"Chlamydia species in free-living Cattle Egret (Bubulcus ibis) and Hoopoe (Upupa epops) in Egypt","volume":"2","author":"Osman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Vet. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_112","first-page":"1531","article-title":"Chlamydial infections in free-living birds","volume":"195","author":"Brand","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.000516","article-title":"A high prevalence of beak and feather disease virus in non-psittacine Australian birds","volume":"66","author":"Marenda","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-007-0431-0","article-title":"Real-time PCR detection and quantitation of Chlamydophila psittaci in human and avian specimens from a veterinary clinic cluster","volume":"27","author":"Branley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1637\/11360-122915-Case","article-title":"First Identification of Chlamydia psittaci in the Acute Illness and Death of Endemic and Endangered Psittacine Birds in Mexico","volume":"60","year":"2016","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1135(95)00033-7","article-title":"Chlamydia psittaci infections: A review with emphasis on avian chlamydiosis","volume":"45","author":"Vanrompay","year":"1995","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_117","first-page":"542","article-title":"Captive Psittacines with Chlamydia avium Infection","volume":"64","author":"Roux","year":"2020","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wobeser, G. (2006). Essentials of Disease in Wild Animals, Blackwell Publishing Professional. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-48978-8"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Das, S., Smith, K., Sarker, S., Peters, A., Adriaanse, K., Eden, P., Ghorashi, S.A., Forwood, J.K., and Raidal, S.R. (2020). Repeat Spillover of Beak and Feather Disease Virus into an Endangered Parrot Highlights the Risk Associated with Endemic Pathogen Loss in Endangered Species. J. Wildl. Dis., 56.","DOI":"10.7589\/2018-06-154"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1080\/03079459408418993","article-title":"Pathogenicity for turkeys of Chlamydia psittaci strains belonging to the avian serovars A, B and D","volume":"23","author":"Vanrompay","year":"1994","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1890\/070151","article-title":"The spread of invasive species and infectious disease as drivers of ecosystem change","volume":"6","author":"Crowl","year":"2008","journal-title":"Front. Ecol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.29.2.1975","article-title":"Alien invasive birds","volume":"29","author":"Brochier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Tech."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12009","article-title":"Wildlife disease prevalence in human-modified landscapes","volume":"88","author":"Brearley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12425","DOI":"10.1111\/conl.12425","article-title":"Assessing the significance of endemic disease in conservation- koalas, chlamydia, and koala retrovirus as a case study","volume":"11","author":"McCallum","year":"2018","journal-title":"Conserv. Lett."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2013.02.026","article-title":"Recent advances in understanding the biology, epidemiology and control of chlamydial infections in koalas","volume":"165","author":"Polkinghorne","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1307.070074","article-title":"Chlamydophila psittaci Transmission from Pet Birds to Humans","volume":"13","author":"Vanrompay","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2008.09.048","article-title":"Chlamydial infections in duck farms associated with human cases of psittacosis in France","volume":"135","author":"Laroucau","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.47157-0","article-title":"Chlamydophila psittaci genotype E\/B transmission from African grey parrots to humans","volume":"56","author":"Harkinezhad","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nieuwenhuizen, A.A., Dijkstra, F., Notermans, D.W., and van der Hoek, W. (2018). Laboratory methods for case finding in human psittacosis outbreaks: A systematic review. BMC Infect. Dis., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3317-0"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1944.02850520021009","article-title":"Ornithosis as a cause of sporadic atypical pneumonia","volume":"126","author":"Levinson","year":"1944","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2003.11.001","article-title":"Health hazards posed by feral pigeons","volume":"48","author":"Moch","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.90.5.708","article-title":"Wild-pigeon-related psittacosis in a family","volume":"90","author":"Henry","year":"1986","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mair-Jenkins, J., Lamming, T., Dziadosz, A., Flecknoe, D., Stubington, T., Mentasti, M., Muir, P., and Monk, P. (2018). A Psittacosis Outbreak among English Office Workers with Little or No Contact with Birds, August 2015. PLOS Curr. Outbreaks.","DOI":"10.1371\/currents.outbreaks.b646c3bb2b4f0e3397183f31823bbca6"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.18.19.20478-en","article-title":"Unusual increase of psittacosis in southern Sweden linked to wild bird exposure, January to April 2013","volume":"18","author":"Rehn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12492","article-title":"Wild and domestic bird faeces likely source of psittacosis transmission-A case-control study in Sweden, 2014\u20132016","volume":"65","author":"Chereau","year":"2018","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268898001320","article-title":"PCR detection of Chlamydia psittaci in faecal samples from passerine birds in Sweden","volume":"121","author":"Olsen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)10444-5","article-title":"Community outbreak of psittacosis in a rural Australian town","volume":"351","author":"Williams","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_138","unstructured":"Parkin, D. (2001). Wildlife Feeding, National Park Policy and Visitor Practice: Where to from Here?, Project Nature-Ed."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9993.2006.01584.x","article-title":"Species interactions and habitat associations of birds inhabiting urban areas of Sydney, Australia","volume":"31","author":"Parsons","year":"2006","journal-title":"Austral Ecol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1111\/eva.13131","article-title":"The evolutionary consequences of human-wildlife conflict in cities","volume":"14","author":"Schell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Evol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tietze, D.T. (2018). Impact of Urbanization on Birds. Bird Species: How They Arise, Modify and Vanish, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-91689-7"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2264","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2699.2009.02177.x","article-title":"Establishment success of invasive ring-necked and monk parakeets in Europe","volume":"36","author":"Strubbe","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2010.12.017","article-title":"Do fire and rainfall drive spatial and temporal population shifts in parrots? A case study using urban parrot populations","volume":"100","author":"Davis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2012.03.005","article-title":"Seasonal abundance and habitat use of Australian parrots in an urbanised landscape","volume":"106","author":"Davis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03179-15","article-title":"Assessment of Chlamydia psittaci Shedding and Environmental Contamination as Potential Sources of Worker Exposure throughout the Mule Duck Breeding Process","volume":"82","author":"Hulin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2006023","article-title":"Evaluation of a recombinant enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detecting Chlamydophila psittaci antibodies in turkey sera","volume":"37","author":"Verminnen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1890\/15-0445","article-title":"Pathogen exposure varies widely among sympatric populations of wild and domestic felids across the United States","volume":"26","author":"Carver","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41426-018-0089-y","article-title":"An epizootic of Chlamydia psittaci equine reproductive loss associated with suspected spillover from native Australian parrots","volume":"7","author":"Jenkins","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1071\/MA20005","article-title":"New insights into chlamydial zoonoses","volume":"41","author":"Polkinghome","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microbiol. Aust."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1111\/avj.13010","article-title":"Chlamydia psittaci: A suspected cause of reproductive loss in three Victorian horses","volume":"98","author":"Akter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anstey, S., Liz\u00e1rraga, D., Nyari, S., Chalmers, G., Carrick, J., Chicken, C., Jenkins, C., Perkins, N., Timms, P., and Jelocnik, M. (2021). Epidemiology of Chlamydia psittaci infections in pregnant Thoroughbred mares and foals. Vet. J., 273.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2021.105683"},{"key":"ref_152","first-page":"153","article-title":"A Review of Methods to Detect Chlamydia psittaci in Avian Patients","volume":"11","author":"Fudge","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Avian Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.2307\/4008","article-title":"A Mark-Recapture Survival Analysis","volume":"51","author":"Buckland","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Anim. Ecol."}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/10\/8\/948\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:36:14Z","timestamp":1760164574000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/10\/8\/948"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,28]]},"references-count":153,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens10080948"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens10080948","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,28]]}}}