{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T23:43:48Z","timestamp":1790120628773,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,3]],"date-time":"2021-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["423115\/20162"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["423115\/20162"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Madariaga virus (MADV) is a member of the eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) complex that circulates in Central and South America. It is a zoonotic, mosquito-borne pathogen, belonging to the family Togaviridae. Disturbances in the natural transmission cycle of this virus result in outbreaks in equines and humans, leading to high case fatality in the former and acute febrile illness or neurological disease in the latter. Although a considerable amount of knowledge exists on the eco-epidemiology of North American EEEV strains, little is known about MADV. In Brazil, the most recent isolations of MADV occurred in 2009 in the States of Para\u00edba and Cear\u00e1, northeast Brazil. Because of that, health authorities have recommended vaccination of animals in these regions. However, in 2019 an equine encephalitis outbreak was reported in a municipality in Cear\u00e1. Here, we present the isolation of MADV from two horses that died in this outbreak. The full-length genome of these viruses was sequenced, and phylogenetic analyses performed. Pathological findings from postmortem examination are also discussed. We conclude that MADV is actively circulating in northeast Brazil despite vaccination programs, and call attention to this arbovirus that likely represents an emerging pathogen in Latin America.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10080983","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,4]],"date-time":"2021-08-04T02:16:07Z","timestamp":1628043367000},"page":"983","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Active Circulation of Madariaga Virus, a Member of the Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Complex, in Northeast Brazil"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Laura H. V. G.","family":"Gil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Virologia e Terapia Experimental, Instituto Aggeu Magalh\u00e3es, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Recife 50670-420, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tereza","family":"Magalhaes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Virologia e Terapia Experimental, Instituto Aggeu Magalh\u00e3es, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Recife 50670-420, Brazil"},{"name":"Center for Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1685, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1497-4397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatriz S. A. S.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal, Escola de Veterin\u00e1ria, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Livia V.","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Virologia e Terapia Experimental, Instituto Aggeu Magalh\u00e3es, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Recife 50670-420, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3771-1565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edmilson F.","family":"Oliveira-Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o L. R.","family":"Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal, Escola de Veterin\u00e1ria, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana L. S.","family":"Fraiha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal, Escola de Veterin\u00e1ria, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brenda M. M.","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal, Escola de Veterin\u00e1ria, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara C.","family":"Longo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal, Escola de Veterin\u00e1ria, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8052-5389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roselene","family":"Ecco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Setor de Patologia, Escola de Veterin\u00e1ria, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guilherme C.","family":"Faria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Sa\u00fade Animal, Instituto Mineiro de Agropecu\u00e1ria, Belo Horizonte 30110-005, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronaldo","family":"Furtini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Sa\u00fade Animal, Instituto Mineiro de Agropecu\u00e1ria, Belo Horizonte 30110-005, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Safira R. 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