{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:00:36Z","timestamp":1787029236360,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]],"date-time":"2021-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2014-68004-21881"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014-68004-21881"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2014-67015-21632"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014-67015-21632"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study describes the longitudinal changes in bovine leukemia virus (BLV) ELISA antibodies, proviral load (PVL), and blood lymphocyte counts (LC) observed over a 2.5-year period in naturally infected cattle. The dataset utilized was from a BLV intervention field trial on three Midwestern dairy herds. Our analysis showed ELISA false negatives were more likely to occur in cattle with low PVL and normal LC. On average, negligible changes in LC were observed during six-month intervals. Periods of lymphocytosis, defined as &gt;10,000 lymphocytes per uL of blood, were observed in 31.5% (68\/216) of BLV test-positive cattle. In BLV test-positive cows, an average increase of 2900 to 3100 proviral copies per 100,000 cells was observed during each subsequent six-month sampling interval. The difference between the minimum and maximum PVL observed for an ELISA-positive cow with 3 or more observations ranged from 0 to 115,600 copies per 100,000 cells (median: 12,900; mean: 19,200). Therefore, following the identification of ELISA-positive cattle and the assessment of PVL and LC, subsequent semiannual tests to assess disease progression may not be needed. Further work is needed to determine how available diagnostic tests can be optimized to design cost-effective testing schemes for BLV control programs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10080987","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]],"date-time":"2021-08-05T04:33:29Z","timestamp":1628138009000},"page":"987","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Diagnostic Measures of Disease Progression in Cattle Following Natural Infection with Bovine Leukemia Virus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5464-1722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Holden C.","family":"Hutchinson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural Research Services Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA"},{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3600-2027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vickie J.","family":"Ruggiero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Norby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly R. B.","family":"Sporer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CentralStar Cooperative, East Lansing, MI 48910, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul C.","family":"Bartlett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"359","article-title":"Evidence for bovine leukemia virus in mammary epithelial cells of infected cows","volume":"71","author":"Buehring","year":"1994","journal-title":"Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panei, C.J., Takeshima, S., Omori, T., Nunoya, T., Davis, W.C., Ishizaki, H., Matoba, K., and Aida, Y. (2013). 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