{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T18:56:09Z","timestamp":1769972169860,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,10]],"date-time":"2021-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Africa Center of Excellence for Infectious Disease of Humans and Animals (ACEIDHA)","award":["P151847"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P151847"]}]},{"name":"Japan Program for Infectious Diseases Research and Infrastructure","award":["JP21wm0125008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP21wm0125008"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Emerging and re-emerging mosquito-borne viral diseases are a threat to global health. This systematic review aimed to investigate the available evidence of mosquito-borne viral pathogens reported in Zambia. A search of literature was conducted in PubMed and Google Scholar for articles published from 1 January 1930 to 30 June 2020 using a combination of keywords. Eight mosquito-borne viruses belonging to three families, Togaviridae, Flaviviridae and Phenuiviridae were reported. Three viruses (Chikungunya virus, Mayaro virus, Mwinilunga virus) were reported among the togaviruses whilst four (dengue virus, West Nile virus, yellow fever virus, Zika virus) were among the flavivirus and only one virus, Rift Valley fever virus, was reported in the Phenuiviridae family. The majority of these mosquito-borne viruses were reported in Western and North-Western provinces. Aedes and Culex species were the main mosquito-borne viral vectors reported. Farming, fishing, movement of people and rain patterns were among factors associated with mosquito-borne viral infection in Zambia. Better diagnostic methods, such as the use of molecular tools, to detect the viruses in potential vectors, humans, and animals, including the recognition of arboviral risk zones and how the viruses circulate, are important for improved surveillance and design of effective prevention and control measures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10081007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,10]],"date-time":"2021-08-10T08:57:14Z","timestamp":1628585834000},"page":"1007","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Mosquito-Borne Viral Pathogens Detected in Zambia: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Rachel Milomba","family":"Velu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 34681, Zambia"},{"name":"Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Geoffrey","family":"Kwenda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 50110, Zambia"},{"name":"Africa Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1775-8566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liyali","family":"Libonda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Disease Control and Prevention, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Eden University, Lusaka P.O. Box 37727, Zambia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caroline Cleopatra","family":"Chisenga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 34681, Zambia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0731-3558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bumbangi Nsoni","family":"Flavien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Disease Control and Prevention, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Eden University, Lusaka P.O. Box 37727, Zambia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3593-1895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Obvious Nchimunya","family":"Chilyabanyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 34681, Zambia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michelo","family":"Simunyandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 34681, Zambia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Bosomprah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 34681, Zambia"},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra P.O. Box LG13, Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicholus Chintu","family":"Sande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2182-4319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katendi","family":"Changula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paraclinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8874-3965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Walter","family":"Muleya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monicah Mirai","family":"Mburu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Macha Research Trust, Choma P.O. Box 630166, Zambia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5266-3602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin","family":"Mubemba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology and Aquatic Sciences, School of Natural Resources, Copperbelt University, Kitwe P.O. Box 21692, Zambia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5384-2493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simbarashe","family":"Chitanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 50110, Zambia"},{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Windhoek Private Bag 13301, Namibia"},{"name":"School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Tembo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HerpeZ Infection Research and Training, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka Private Bag RW1X Ridgeway, Lusaka P.O. Box 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Bates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HerpeZ Infection Research and Training, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka Private Bag RW1X Ridgeway, Lusaka P.O. Box 10101, Zambia"},{"name":"School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln LN6 7TS, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nathan","family":"Kapata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zambia National Public Health Institute, Ministry of Health, Lusaka P.O. Box 30205, Zambia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9910-3912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasuko","family":"Orba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, N 20 W10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masahiro","family":"Kajihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Global Epidemiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, N 20 W10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2464-6642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayato","family":"Takada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia"},{"name":"Africa Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia"},{"name":"Division of Global Epidemiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, N 20 W10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2569-2755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hirofumi","family":"Sawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia"},{"name":"Africa Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia"},{"name":"Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, N 20 W10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan"},{"name":"Global Virus Network, 725 W Lombard St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roma","family":"Chilengi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 34681, Zambia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9423-0816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edgar","family":"Simulundu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia"},{"name":"Macha Research Trust, Choma P.O. Box 630166, Zambia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-virology-031413-085513","article-title":"Role of the vector in arbovirus transmission","volume":"1","author":"Conway","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Virol."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Chandler, L.J. (1997). Arthropod-Borne Virus Information Exchange December 1997."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2009.10.008","article-title":"Present and future arboviral threats","volume":"85","author":"Weaver","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Majumder, M.A.A. (2018). Emerging and Re-Emerging Arboviral Diseases as a Global Health Problem, IntechOpen. 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