{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T04:50:40Z","timestamp":1783572640494,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":384,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,10]],"date-time":"2021-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Academy of Research and Higher Education (ARES)","award":["Institutional support program entitled \u201cHemoparasites and arboviruses in non-human primates of the Ecuadorian Amazon using non-invasive techniques\u201d"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Institutional support program entitled \u201cHemoparasites and arboviruses in non-human primates of the Ecuadorian Amazon using non-invasive techniques\u201d"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Understanding which non-human primates (NHPs) act as a wild reservoir for blood-borne pathogens will allow us to better understand the ecology of diseases and the role of NHPs in the emergence of human diseases in Ecuador, a small country in South America that lacks information on most of these pathogens. Methods and principal findings: A systematic review was carried out using PRISMA guidelines from 1927 until 2019 about blood-borne pathogens present in NHPs of the Neotropical region (i.e., South America and Middle America). Results: A total of 127 publications were found in several databases. We found in 25 genera (132 species) of NHPs a total of 56 blood-borne pathogens in 197 records where Protozoa has the highest number of records in neotropical NHPs (n = 128) compared to bacteria (n = 12) and viruses (n = 57). Plasmodium brasilianum and Trypanosoma cruzi are the most recorded protozoa in NHP. The neotropical primate genus with the highest number of blood-borne pathogens recorded is Alouatta sp. (n = 32). The use of non-invasive samples for neotropical NHPs remains poor in a group where several species are endangered or threatened. A combination of serological and molecular techniques is common when detecting blood-borne pathogens. Socioecological and ecological risk factors facilitate the transmission of these parasites. Finally, a large number of countries remain unsurveyed, such as Ecuador, which can be of public health importance. Conclusions and significance: NHPs are potential reservoirs of a large number of blood-borne pathogens. In Ecuador, research activities should be focused on bacteria and viruses, where there is a gap of information for neotropical NHPs, in order to implement surveillance programs with regular and effective monitoring protocols adapted to NHPs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10081009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,10]],"date-time":"2021-08-10T22:40:31Z","timestamp":1628635231000},"page":"1009","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Zoonotic Blood-Borne Pathogens in Non-Human Primates in the Neotropical Region: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Carrillo-Bilbao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULi\u00e8ge), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, Department of Infections and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Li\u00e8ge, 4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"},{"name":"Facultad de Filosof\u00eda y Letras y Ciencias de la Educaci\u00f3n, Universidad Central del Ecuador, 170521 Quito, Ecuador"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en Zoonosis (CIZ), Universidad Central del Ecuador, 170521 Quito, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8468-6924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Martin-Solano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en Zoonosis (CIZ), Universidad Central del Ecuador, 170521 Quito, Ecuador"},{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Sanidad Animal y Humana (GISAH), Carrera Ingenier\u00eda en Biotecnolog\u00eda, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida y la Agricultura, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas\u2014ESPE, 171103 Sangolqu\u00ed, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9087-7436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claude","family":"Saegerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULi\u00e8ge), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, Department of Infections and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Li\u00e8ge, 4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1680","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1113310","article-title":"Public health: Pathogen surveillance in animals","volume":"309","author":"Kuiken","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jones, K.E., Patel, N.G., Levy, M.A., Storeygard, A., Balk, D., and Gittleman, J.L. (2008). Global trends in emerging infectious diseases. Nature.","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06536"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1126\/science.287.5452.443","article-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases of Wildlife-Threats to Biodiversity and Human Health","volume":"287","author":"Daszak","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20949","article-title":"Integrative Approaches to the Study of Primate Infectious Disease: Implications for Biodiversity Conservation and Global Health","volume":"51","author":"Gillespie","year":"2008","journal-title":"Yrbk. Phys. Anth."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2017.06.004","article-title":"Gastrointestinal parasites in captive and free-ranging Cebus albifrons in the Western Amazon, Ecuador","volume":"6","author":"Ramirez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Parasites Wildl."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09442","article-title":"Origin of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum in gorillas","volume":"467","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4642","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02301-08","article-title":"Metagenomic Analyses of Viruses in Stool Samples from Children with Acute Flaccid Paralysis","volume":"83","author":"Victoria","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-015-0857-2","article-title":"Non-invasive surveillance for Plasmodium in reservoir macaque species","volume":"14","author":"Siregar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-02760160222","article-title":"Detection of Plasmodium in faeces of the New World primate Alouatta Clamitans","volume":"111","author":"Costa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo. Cruz"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2015.05.001","article-title":"Wild chimpanzees are infected by Trypanosoma Brucei","volume":"4","author":"Lankester","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Parasites Wildl"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s10329-016-0587-2","article-title":"A first report of non-invasive adenovirus detection in wild Assamese macaques in Thailand","volume":"58","author":"Sukmak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Primates"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-016-0140-2","article-title":"Viral metagenomics of fecal samples from non-human primates revealed human astrovirus in a chimpanzee, China","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gut. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Schwitzer, C., Mittermeier, R.A., Rylands, A.B., Chiozza, F., Williamson, E.A., Byler, D., Wich, S., Humle, T., Johnson, C., and Mynott, H. (2019). Primates in Peril: The World\u2019s 25 Most Endangered Primates 2018\u20132020, IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group, International Primatological Society, Global Wildlife Conservation, and Bristol Zoological Society."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"IUCN (2020). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, IUCN."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1645\/13-356.1","article-title":"Gastrointestinal Parasites of Ecuadorian Mantled Howler Monkeys (Alouatta palliata aequatorialis) Based on Fecal Analysis","volume":"101","author":"Helenbrook","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Kowalewski, M.M. (2012, January 29). Efectos de factores antropog\u00e9nicos y demogr\u00e1ficos sobre patrones de parasitismo gastrointestinal en monos aulladores negros y dorados. Proceedings of the II Congreso Latinoamericano de Mastozoolog\u00eda, XXV Jornadas Argentinas de Mastozoolog\u00eda, Buenos Aires, Argentina."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"162","article-title":"Par\u00e1sitos Gastrointestinales en Monos de Margarita Sapajus apella margaritae (Primates: Cebidae) en Estado Silvestre (Nueva Esparta, Venezuela). Hallazgos preliminares -resumen-","volume":"10","author":"Aguirre","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mem. De La CIMA"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1007\/s10764-013-9728-2","article-title":"Predictors of Parasitism in Wild White-Faced Capuchins (Cebus capucinus)","volume":"34","author":"Parr","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Primatol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1896\/044.017.0105","article-title":"Gastrointestinal parasites of Owl monkeys (Aotus azarai azarai) in the Argentinean Chaco","volume":"17","author":"Milano","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neotrop. Primates"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952836904005680","article-title":"Survey of the gastrointestinal parasites of the primate community at Tambopata National Reserve, Peru","volume":"264","author":"Phillips","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Zool."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"2644","article-title":"Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Parasites among Captive Primates in Panama","volume":"8","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Animal Vet. Adv."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s10329-010-0193-7","article-title":"Parasitic infections of three Mexican howler monkey groups (Alouatta palliata mexicana) living in forest fragments in Mexico","volume":"51","author":"Hervier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Primates"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.20808","article-title":"Gastrointestinal parasites of Howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata) inhabiting the fragmented landscape of the Santa Marta mountain range, Veracruz, Mexico","volume":"72","author":"Valdespino","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Primatol."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"225","article-title":"Par\u00e1sitos gastrointestinales en mono aullador (Alouatta palliata) en la regi\u00f3n de Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, M\u00e9xico","volume":"10","year":"2007","journal-title":"A Primatol. No Bras."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Estrada, A. (2007, February 07). Par\u00e1sitos Gastrointestinales en Poblaciones de Primates Silvestres en el Sureste de M\u00e9xico. Available online: http:\/\/www.primatesmx.com\/fecalparesp.htm."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Gonzalez Hern\u00e1ndez, M. (2004). Prevalencia de Helmintiasis Gastrointestinales en Monos Ara\u00f1a (Ateles geoffroyi) del Parque Zool\u00f3gico Bot\u00e1nico Miguel Angel de Quevedo en Veracruz, M\u00e9xico, Universidad Veracruzana."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1007\/s10764-014-9751-y","article-title":"Transmission Patterns of Pinworms in Two Sympatric Congeneric Primate Species","volume":"35","author":"Schoof","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Primatol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2017.04.001","article-title":"Helminth parasites of howler and spider monkeys in Mexico: Insights into molecular diagnostic methods and their importance for zoonotic diseases and host conservation","volume":"6","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Parasites Wildl."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Estrada, A., Garber, P.A., Pavelka, M.S.M., and Luecke, L. (2005). Intestinal Parasitic Infections in Alouatta pigra in Tropical Rainforest in Lacandona, Chiapas, Mexico: Implications for Behavioral Ecology and Conservation. New Perspectives in the Study of Mesoamerican Primates: Distribution, Ecology, Behavior, and Conservation, Springer."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"293","article-title":"Trypanoxyuris (Trypanoxyuris) minutus (Nematoda: Oxyuridae) en las dos especies de monos aulladores (Cebidae) de M\u00e9xico","volume":"82","author":"Estrada","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev. Mex Biodivers."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Venturini, L., Santa Cruz, A.C., Gonz\u00e1lez, J.A., Comolli, J.A., Toccalino, P.A., and Zunino, G.E. (2003). Presencia de Giardia duodenalis (Sarcomastigophora, Hexamitidae) en mono aullador (Alouatta caraya) de vida silvestre. Proceedings of the Comunicaciones Cient\u00edficas y Tecnol\u00f3gicas, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Villanueva-Garc\u00eda, C., Gordillo-Ch\u00e1vez, E.J., Ba\u00f1os-Ojeda, C., Rend\u00f3n-Franco, E., Mu\u00f1oz-Garc\u00eda, C.I., Carrero, J.C., C\u00f3rdoba-Aguilar, A., Maravilla, P., Galian, J., and Mart\u00ednez-Hern\u00e1ndez, F. (2017). New Entamoeba group in howler monkeys (Alouatta spp.) associated with parasites of reptiles. Parasitol. Res.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-017-5519-6"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.20309","article-title":"Parasites of free-ranging black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra) from Belize and Mexico","volume":"68","author":"Vitazkova","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Primatol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1111\/jmp.12140","article-title":"Balantidium coli and other gastrointestinal parasites in captives non-human primates of the Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","volume":"44","author":"Pissinatti","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Med. Primatol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46652014000100007","article-title":"Molecular typing of Giardia duodenalis isolates from nonhuman primates housed in a Brazilian zoo","volume":"56","author":"David","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. S\u00e3o Paulo"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.02.044","article-title":"Helminths found in marmosets (Callithrix penicillata and Callithrix jacchus) introduced to the region of occurrence of golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia)","volume":"171","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fernandes, L.N., Souza, P.P., Ara\u00fajo, R.S., Razzolini, M.T., Soares, R.M., and Sato, M.I. (2011). Detection of assemblages a and B of Giardia duodenalis in water and sewage from S\u00e3o Paulo state Brazil. J. Water Health.","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2011.098"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1645\/13-288.1","article-title":"Strongyloides cebus (Nematoda: Strongyloididae) in Lagothrix cana (Primates: Atelidae) from the Brazilian Amazon: Aspects of Clinical Presentation, Anatomopathology, Treatment, and Parasitic Biology","volume":"99","author":"Mati","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1590\/S1519-69842003000400022","article-title":"Coprological helminth screening in Brazilian free ranging golden lion tamarins, Leontopithecus rosalia (L., 1766) (Primates, Callithrichidae)","volume":"63","author":"Monteiro","year":"2003","journal-title":"Braz. J. Biol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1590\/S1984-29612013005000021","article-title":"Trypanoxyuris (Paraoxyuronema) lagothricis (Nematoda: Oxyuridae) in Lagothrix cana (Primates: Atelidae) from Brazil","volume":"22","author":"Pinto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinaria"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1590\/S1984-29612010000200011","article-title":"Occurrence of Trypanoxyuris (Trypanoxyuris) minutus (Schneider, 1866) (Nematoda, Oxyuridae) in Alouatta guariba clamitans Cabrera, 1940 (Primates, Atelidae) in Minas Gerais, Brazil","volume":"19","author":"Souzalima","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-014-0579-2","article-title":"Strongyloides stercoralis infection in marmosets: Replication of complicated and uncomplicated human disease and parasite biology","volume":"7","author":"Raso","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02761992000500057","article-title":"Spirura delicata sp. n. (Spiruridae, Spirurinae) from Leontocebus mystax (Callithrichidae) and a check list of other Nematodes of some brazilian primates","volume":"87","author":"Vicente","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mem Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.07.003","article-title":"Genotyping of Giardia duodenalis from Southern Brown Howler Monkeys (Alouatta clamitans) from Brazil","volume":"158","author":"Grassini","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brasil, P., Zalis, M.G., de Pina-Costa, A., Siqueira, A.M., Bianco Junior, C., Silva, S., Areas, A.L.L., Pelajo-Machado, M., de Alvarenga, D.A.M., and da Silva Santelli, A.C.F. (2017). Plasmodium simium causing human malaria: A zoonosis with outbreak potential in the Rio de Janeiro Brazilian Atlantic forest. bioRxiv, 122127.","DOI":"10.1101\/122127"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Figueiredo, M.A.P., Di Santi, S.M., Manrique, W.G., Andr\u00e9, M.R., and Machado, R.Z. (2017). Identification of Plasmodium spp. in Neotropical primates of Maranhense Amazon in Northeast Brazil. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0182905"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guimaraes, L., Bajay, M., Wunderlich, G., Bueno, M., Rohe, F., Catao-Dias, J., Neves, A., Malafronte, R., Curado, I., and Kirchgatter, K. (2012). The genetic diversity of Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium brasilianum from human, simian and mosquito hosts in Brazil. Acta Trop.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2012.05.016"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"307","article-title":"Occurrence of infection Leishmania spp. and Toxoplasma gondii in monkeys (Cebus apella) from Campo Grande, MS","volume":"17","author":"Leite","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. De Parasitol. Vete."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"286","article-title":"Virus Mayaro: Un arbovirus reemergente en Venezuela y Latinoam\u00e9rica","volume":"32","author":"Navarro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biom\u00e9dica"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0679","article-title":"Isolation of Madre de Dios Virus (Orthobunyavirus; Bunyaviridae), an Oropouche Virus Species Reassortant, from a Monkey in Venezuela","volume":"95","author":"Navarro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.04.003","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis snapshots: Global status of Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence and implications for pregnancy and congenital toxoplasmosis","volume":"39","author":"Pappas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Malaria, C.D.C. (2021, January 17). Information and Prophylaxis, by Country [E]. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services., Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/malaria\/travelers\/country_table\/e.html:Atlanta."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170050","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2017.50","article-title":"The contemporary distribution of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in humans, alternative hosts and vectors","volume":"4","author":"Browne","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"WHO (2021, January 17). Essential Leishmaniasis Maps Visceral and Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis. Available online: http:\/\/www.who.int\/leishmaniasis\/leishmaniasis_maps\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15412","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15412","article-title":"Impact of simultaneous exposure to arboviruses on infection and transmission by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes","volume":"8","author":"Young","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-2824.2012.01602.x","article-title":"Dengue virus and other arboviruses: A global view of risks","volume":"7","author":"Anez","year":"2012","journal-title":"ISBT Sci. Series"},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"WHO (2021, January 17). WHO. World Malaria Report 2013. Available online: http:\/\/www.who.int\/malaria\/publications\/world_malaria_report_2013\/report\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"WHO (2016). World Malaria Report 2015. Global Malaria Programme, World Health Organisation."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3527(08)60342-5","article-title":"Impact of dengue \u2044 dengue hemorrhagic fever on the developing world","volume":"53","author":"Gubler","year":"1999","journal-title":"Adv. Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hudson, P., Rizzoli, A., Grenfell, B., Heesterbeek, H., and Dobson, A. (2002). Ecology of Wildlife Diseases, OUP\/Centro Di Ecologia Alpina.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198506201.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wolfe, N.D., Dunavan, C.P., and Diamond, J. (2007). Origins of major human infectious diseases. Nature.","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05775"},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Drosten, C. (2010). Ecology and Species Barriers in Emerging Viral Diseases -Proposal for a DFG Priority Program (SPP), University of Bonn."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2664.12084","article-title":"Taming wildlife disease: Bridging the gap between science and management","volume":"50","author":"Joseph","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2011.10.001","article-title":"Amazonian malaria: Asymptomatic human reservoirs, diagnostic challenges, environmentally driven changes in mosquito vector populations, and the mandate for sustainable control strategies","volume":"121","author":"Moreno","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maljkovic Berry, I., Rutvisuttinunt, W., Sippy, R., Beltran-Ayala, E., Figueroa, K., Ryan, S., Srikanth, A., Stewart-Ibarra, A.M., Endy, T., and Jarman, R.G. (2020). The origins of dengue and chikungunya viruses in Ecuador following increased migration from Venezuela and Colombia. BMC Evol. Biol., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12862-020-1596-8"},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Tirira, D., Torre, S., and Zapata-R\u00edos, G. (2018). Plan. de Acci\u00f3n para la Conservaci\u00f3n de los Primates del Ecuador, Ministerio del Ambiente (MAE)\/Grupo de Estudio de Primates del Ecuador (GEPE)\/Asociaci\u00f3n Ecuatoriana de Mastozoolog\u00eda (AEM)."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bensch, S., Stjernman, M., Hasselquist, D., Ostman, O., Hansson, B., Westerdahl, H., and Pinheiro, R.T. (2000). Host specificity in avian blood parasites: A study of Plasmodium and Haemoproteus mitochondrial DNA amplified from birds. Proc. R Soc. B.","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2000.1181"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1645\/0022-3395(2000)086[1035:ASOHII]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A survey of hemoparasite infections in free-ranging mammals and reptiles in french Guiana","volume":"86","author":"Michel","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Erkenswick, G.A., Watsa, M., Pacheco, M.A., Escalante, A.A., and Parker, P.G. (2017). Chronic Plasmodium brasilianum infections in wild Peruvian tamarins. PLoS ONE.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0184504"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2015.07.033","article-title":"Natural infection of Plasmodium brasilianum in humans: Man and monkey share quartan malaria parasites in the Venezuelan Amazon","volume":"2","author":"Lalremruata","year":"2015","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iddawela, D., Vithana, S.M.P., and Ratnayake, C. (2017). Seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis and risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii infection among pregnant women in Sri Lanka: A cross sectional study. BMC Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4941-0"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gazzonis, A.L., Marangi, M., Villa, L., Ragona, M.E., Olivieri, E., Zanzani, S.A., Giangaspero, A., and Manfredi, M.T. (2018). Toxoplasma gondii infection and biosecurity levels in fattening pigs and sows: Serological and molecular epidemiology in the intensive pig industry (Lombardy, Northern Italy). Parasitol. Res.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-017-5736-z"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.07.018","article-title":"Population genetics of Toxoplasma gondii: New perspectives from parasite genotypes in wildlife","volume":"182","author":"Wendte","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2005.07.002","article-title":"Transmission of Toxoplasma: Clues from the study of sea otters as sentinels of Toxoplasma gondii flow into the marine environment","volume":"35","author":"Conrad","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-75","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in the Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) in England and Wales","volume":"6","author":"Chadwick","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.10.015","article-title":"Isolation and genetic characterisation of Toxoplasma gondii from a red-handed howler monkey (Alouatta belzebul), a jaguarundi (Puma yagouaroundi), and a black-eared opossum (Didelphis aurita) from Brazil","volume":"175","author":"Pena","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2015.12.020","article-title":"Morbid attraction to leopard urine in Toxoplasma-infected chimpanzees","volume":"26","author":"Poirotte","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-249R","article-title":"Disseminated Toxoplasmosis in a Captive Ring-Tailed Lemur (Lemur catta)","volume":"90","author":"Spencer","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(73)90014-X","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis in free-ranging chacma baboons (Papio ursinus) from The Kruger National Park","volume":"67","author":"McConnell","year":"1973","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-46.3.1005","article-title":"Exposure to Toxoplasma gondii in Galapagos Penguins (Spheniscus mendiculus) and Flightless Cormorants (Phalacrocorax harrisi) in the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador","volume":"46","author":"Deem","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-48.1.39","article-title":"Health evaluation of galapagos hawks (Buteo galapagoensis) on Santiago Island, Galapagos","volume":"48","author":"Deem","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-013-0888-5","article-title":"Attempted Detection of Toxoplasma gondii Oocysts in Environmental Waters Using a Simple Approach to Evaluate the Potential for Waterborne Transmission in the Gal\u00e1pagos Islands, Ecuador","volume":"11","author":"Verant","year":"2014","journal-title":"EcoHealth"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1980","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182017001500","article-title":"Leishmania infection in bats from a non-endemic region of Leishmaniasis in Brazil","volume":"144","author":"Bento","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2017.12.008","article-title":"Andean cutaneous leishmaniasis (Andean-CL, uta) in Peru and Ecuador: The vector Lutzomyia sand flies and reservoir mammals","volume":"178","author":"Hashiguchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/1989643200","article-title":"Leishmania (Viannia) shawi sp. n., a parasite of monkeys, sloths and procyonids in Amazonian Brazil","volume":"64","author":"Lainson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ann. Parasitol. Hum. Comp."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2009.09.014","article-title":"Experimental and field investigations on the role of birds as hosts of Leishmania infantum, with emphasis on the domestic chicken","volume":"113","author":"Otranto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182009991156","article-title":"Transmission, reservoir hosts and control of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"136","author":"Quinnell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tr\u00fceb, I., Portela, R.D., Franke, C.R., Carneiro, I.O., Ribeiro, G.J., Soares, R.P., and Barrouin-Melo, S.M. (2017). Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania sp. Infection in Wildlife from Urban Rainforest Fragments in Northeast Brazil. J. Wildl. Dis.","DOI":"10.7589\/2017-01-017"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0431","article-title":"Coinfection of Leishmania guyanensis and Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome: Report of a Case of Disseminated Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Ecuador","volume":"96","author":"Calvopina","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46652011000100008","article-title":"Susceptibility of Cebus apella monkey (Primates: Cebidae) to experimental Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi-infection","volume":"53","author":"Carneiro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.12.016","article-title":"Naturally acquired visceral leishmaniasis in non-human primates in Brazil","volume":"169","author":"Malta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.11.039","article-title":"Leishmaniases in Ecuador: Comprehensive review and current status","volume":"166","author":"Hashiguchi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dumonteil, E., Herrera, C., Martini, L., Grijalva, M.J., Guevara, A.G., Costales, J.A., Aguilar, H.M., Breni\u00e8re, S.F., and Waleckx, E. (2016). Chagas Disease Has Not Been Controlled in Ecuador. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0158145"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cottontail, V.M., Kalko, E.K.V., Cottontail, I., Wellinghausen, N., Tschapka, M., Perkins, S.L., and Pinto, C.M. (2014). High Local Diversity of Trypanosoma in a Common Bat Species, and Implications for the Biogeography and Taxonomy of the T. cruzi Clade. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0108603"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pinto, C.M., Oca\u00f1a-Mayorga, S., Tapia, E.E., Lobos, S.E., Zurita, A.P., Aguirre-Villac\u00eds, F., MacDonald, A., Villac\u00eds, A.G., Lima, L., and Teixeira, M.M.G. (2015). Bats, Trypanosomes, and Triatomines in Ecuador: New Insights into the Diversity, Transmission, and Origins of Trypanosoma cruzi and Chagas Disease. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0139999"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2015.1794","article-title":"Prevalence, Genetic Characterization, and 18S Small Subunit Ribosomal RNA Diversity of\u2009Trypanosoma rangeli in Triatomine and Mammal Hosts in Endemic Areas for Chagas Disease in Ecuador","volume":"15","author":"Pinto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2016.01.005","article-title":"Sexual differences in prevalence of a new species of trypanosome infecting t\u00fangara frogs","volume":"5","author":"Bernal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Parasit. Wildl."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-1513.1","article-title":"Prevalence and molecular phylogenetic characterization of Trypanosoma (megatrypanum) minasense in the peripheral blood of small neotropical primates after a quarantine period","volume":"94","author":"Sato","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-017-1271-8","article-title":"Molecular Epidemiology of Trypanosomatids and Trypanosoma cruzi in Primates from Peru","volume":"14","author":"Aysanoa","year":"2017","journal-title":"EcoHealth"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wachtman, L., and Mansfield, K. (2012). Chapter 1\u2014Viral Diseases of Nonhuman Primates. Nonhuman Primates in Biomedical Research, Academic Press. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-381366-4.00001-8"},{"key":"ref_101","first-page":"35","article-title":"Arboviruses of human health significance in Papua New Guinea","volume":"55","author":"Jonduo","year":"2012","journal-title":"P N G Med. J."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Young, P.R., Ng, L.F.P., Hall, R.A., Smith, D.W., and Johansen, C.A. (2014). 14\u2014Arbovirus Infections. Manson\u2019s Tropical Infectious Diseases, W.B. Saunders. [23rd ed.].","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-5101-2.00015-7"},{"key":"ref_103","unstructured":"Parrish, C.R., and Holland, J.J. (2008). Chapter 16\u2014Arbovirus Evolution. Origin and Evolution of Viruses, Academic Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-02760150075","article-title":"Yellow fever impact on brown howler monkeys (Alouatta guariba clamitans) in Argentina: A metamodelling approach based on population viability analysis and epidemiological dynamics","volume":"110","author":"Moreno","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.20796","article-title":"Impact of yellow fever outbreaks on two howler monkey species (Alouatta guariba clamitans and A. caraya) in Misiones, Argentina","volume":"72","author":"Holzmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Primatol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2038","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2312.170685","article-title":"Outbreak of Yellow Fever among Nonhuman Primates, Espirito Santo, Brazil, 2017","volume":"23","author":"Fernandes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00523-17","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00523-17","article-title":"Limited Evidence for Infection of Urban and Peri-urban Nonhuman Primates with Zika and Chikungunya Viruses in Brazil","volume":"3","author":"Carneiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1590\/S1678-994658009","article-title":"Serological detection of hepatitis a virus in free-ranging neotropical primates (Sapajus spp., Alouatta caraya) from the Paran\u00e1 River Basin, BrazilL","volume":"58","author":"Svoboda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. S Paulo."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0181-2013","article-title":"Detection of arboviruses of public health interest in free-living New World primates (Sapajus spp.; Alouatta caraya) captured in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil","volume":"46","author":"Batista","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.62015\/np.2016.v23.128","article-title":"Immunity to Yellow Fever, Oropouche and Saint Louis viruses in a wild howler monkey","volume":"23","author":"Chiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neotrop. Primates"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1017\/S0956536115000206","article-title":"Revisiting monkeys on pots: A contextual consideration of primate imagery on classic lowland maya pottery","volume":"26","author":"Rice","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anc. Mesoam."},{"key":"ref_112","unstructured":"Waller, M.T. (2016). The Role of Nonhuman Primates in Religious and Folk Medicine Beliefs. Ethnoprimatology: Primate Conservation in the 21st Century, Springer International Publishing."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hofner, A.N. (2017). Primate Conservation and Human Livelihoods. Int. Encycl. Primatol.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119179313.wbprim0386"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005509119693","article-title":"Coping with Forest Fragmentation: The Primates of Kibale National Park, Uganda","volume":"21","author":"Onderdonk","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Primatol."},{"key":"ref_115","unstructured":"Emmons, L.H. (1997). Neotropical Rainforest Mammals: A Field Guide, The University of Chicago Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1600946","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1600946","article-title":"Impending extinction crisis of the world\u2019s primates: Why primates matter","volume":"3","author":"Estrada","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2345(1998)45:1<127::AID-AJP9>3.0.CO;2-Y","article-title":"Forests without primates: Primate\/plant codependency","volume":"45","author":"Chapman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Primatol."},{"key":"ref_118","unstructured":"Smuts, B.B., Cheney, D.L., Seyfarth, R.M., Wrangham, R.W., and Struhsaker, T.T. (1987). Chapter 39: Conservation of primates and their habitats. Primate Societies, University of Chicago Press."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1002\/1520-6505(2001)10:1<16::AID-EVAN1010>3.0.CO;2-O","article-title":"Primate Conservation in the New Millennium: The Role of Scientists","volume":"10","author":"Chapman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Evol. Anthropol."},{"key":"ref_120","first-page":"84","article-title":"Primate Sociality and Social Systems","volume":"3","author":"Swedell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Educ. Knowl."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1078037","article-title":"Dispersal, environment, and floristic variation of western Amazonian forests","volume":"299","author":"Tuomisto","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1663\/0006-8101(2004)070[0357:CAFFTA]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Central Amazonian floodplain forests: Tree adaptations in a pulsing system","volume":"70","author":"Parolin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bot. Rev."},{"key":"ref_123","unstructured":"Tirira, D., de la Torre, S., and Zapata, G. (2018). Estado de Conservaci\u00f3n de los Primates del Ecuador, Editorial Murci\u00e9lago Blanco."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smuts, B.B., Cheney, D.L., Seyfarth, R.M., and Wrangham, R.W. (1987). Primate Societies, University of Chicago Press.","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226220468.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gilardi, K., Gillespie, T.R., Leendertz, F.H., Macfie, E.J., Travis, D.A., Whittier, C.A., and Williamson, E.A. (2015). Best Practice Guidelines for Health Monitoring and Disease Control. in Great Ape Populations. Occas. Papers IUCN Species Surviv. Comm.Gland, 56.","DOI":"10.2305\/IUCN.CH.2015.SSC-OP.56.en"},{"key":"ref_126","unstructured":"NIH (2021, January 17). Understanding Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases. Biological Sciences Curriculum Study. NIH Curriculum Supplement Series Bethesda (MD): National Institutes of Health (US), Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK20370\/."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1159\/000492328","article-title":"Validation of a Noninvasive Hair Trapping Method for Extractive-Foraging Primates","volume":"89","author":"Tan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Folia Primatol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-294X.2001.01262.x","article-title":"Noninvasive paternity assignment in Gombe chimpanzees","volume":"10","author":"Constable","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1590\/S1415-47572006000400028","article-title":"Noninvasive genetic sampling of endangered muriqui (Primates, Atelidae): Efficiency of fecal DNA extraction","volume":"29","author":"Chaves","year":"2006","journal-title":"Genet. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arandjelovic, M., Head, J., Rabanal, L.I., Schubert, G., Mettke, E., Boesch, C., Robbins, M.M., and Vigilant, L. (2011). Non-Invasive Genetic Monitoring of Wild Central Chimpanzees. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0014761"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toyoda, A., Matsudaira, K., Maruhashi, T., Malaivijitnond, S., and Kawamoto, Y. (2020). Highly Versatile, Non-Invasive Method for Collecting Buccal DNA from Free-Ranging Non-Human Primates. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.03.29.015073"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simons, N.D., Lorenz, J.G., Sheeran, L.K., Li, J.H., Xia, D.P., and Wagner, R.S. (2012). Noninvasive saliva collection for DNA analyses from free-ranging Tibetan Macaques (Macaca thibetana). Am. J. Primatol.","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.22062"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smiley Evans, T., Barry, P.A., Gilardi, K.V., Goldstein, T., Deere, J.D., Fike, J., Yee, J., Ssebide, B.J., Karmacharya, D., and Cranfield, M.R. (2015). Optimization of a Novel Non-invasive Oral Sampling Technique for Zoonotic Pathogen Surveillance in Nonhuman Primates. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003813"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1007\/s10329-006-0017-y","article-title":"Wild chimpanzee infant urine and saliva sampled noninvasively usable for DNA analyses","volume":"48","author":"Inoue","year":"2007","journal-title":"Primates"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2345(1999)48:4<299::AID-AJP5>3.0.CO;2-G","article-title":"Urine as another potential source for template DNA in polymerase chain reaction (PCR)","volume":"48","author":"Hayakawa","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Primatol."},{"key":"ref_136","first-page":"363","article-title":"Serological and molecular techniques applied for identification of Plasmodium spp. in blood samples from nonhuman primates","volume":"27","author":"Figueiredo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(99)01637-7","article-title":"Noninvasive genetic sampling: Look before you leap","volume":"14","author":"Taberlet","year":"1999","journal-title":"Trends. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s40657-015-0034-x","article-title":"Noninvasive and nondestructive sampling for avian microsatellite genotyping: A case study on the vulnerable Chinese Egret (Egretta eulophotes)","volume":"6","author":"Dai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Avian Res."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-8286.2002.00180.x-i2","article-title":"Noninvasive genetic analysis in birds: Testing reliability of feather samples","volume":"2","author":"Segelbacher","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol. Notes"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-018-1182-4","article-title":"A Non-invasive Method to Collect Fecal Samples from Wild Birds for Microbiome Studies","volume":"76","author":"Knutie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-1795.2009.00326.x","article-title":"A novel non-invasive tool for disease surveillance of free-ranging whales and its relevance to conservation programs","volume":"13","author":"Gendron","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anim. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Foote, A.D., Thomsen, P.F., Sveegaard, S., Wahlberg, M., Kielgast, J., Kyhn, L.A., Salling, A.B., Galatius, A., Orlando, L., and Gilbert, M.T. (2012). Investigating the potential use of environmental DNA (eDNA) for genetic monitoring of marine mammals. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0041781"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.3354\/dao03034","article-title":"Detection of Brucella spp. in bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus by a real-time PCR using blowhole swabs","volume":"120","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dis. Aquat. Organ."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-37331-x","article-title":"Two decades of non-invasive genetic monitoring of the grey wolves recolonizing the Alps support very limited dog introgression","volume":"9","author":"Dufresnes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/s12898-017-0154-8","article-title":"Non-invasive genetic monitoring involving citizen science enables reconstruction of current pack dynamics in a re-establishing wolf population","volume":"17","author":"Primmer","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Ecol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2014.11.029","article-title":"Using eDNA to develop a national citizen science-based monitoring programme for the great crested newt (Triturus cristatus)","volume":"183","author":"Biggs","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174056","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/174056","article-title":"Noninvasive Method for a Statewide Survey of Eastern Hellbenders Cryptobranchus alleganiensis Using Environmental DNA","volume":"2013","author":"Santas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Zool."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1111\/1755-0998.12180","article-title":"Detecting an elusive invasive species: A diagnostic PCR to detect Burmese python in Florida waters and an assessment of persistence of environmental DNA","volume":"14","author":"Piaggio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol. Resour."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2014.11.020","article-title":"Quantification of eDNA shedding rates from invasive bighead carp Hypophthalmichthys nobilis and silver carp Hypophthalmichthys Molit","volume":"183","author":"Klymus","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilcox, T.M., McKelvey, K.S., Young, M.K., Jane, S.F., Lowe, W.H., Whiteley, A.R., and Schwartz, M.K. (2013). Robust Detection of Rare Species Using Environmental DNA: The Importance of Primer Specificity. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0059520"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1023\/B:COGE.0000031138.67958.44","article-title":"A Multiplex Pre-Amplification Method that Significantly Improves Microsatellite Amplification and Error Rates for Faecal DNA in Limiting Conditions","volume":"5","author":"Piggott","year":"2004","journal-title":"Conserv. Genet."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8312.1999.tb01157.x","article-title":"Non-invasive genetic sampling and individual identification","volume":"68","author":"Taberlet","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biol. J. Linn. Soc."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3189","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/24.16.3189","article-title":"Reliable genotyping of samples with very low DNA quantities using PCR","volume":"24","author":"Taberlet","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1644\/1545-1542(2004)085<0420:LLOOLB>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Lemur Latrines: Observations of Latrine Behavior in Wild Primates and Possible Ecological Significance","volume":"85","author":"Irwin","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Mammal."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1638\/2009-0015R.1","article-title":"Noninvasive saliva collection techniques for free-ranging mountain gorillas and captive eastern gorillas","volume":"41","author":"Smiley","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Zoo Wildl Med."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e53","DOI":"10.1590\/s1678-9946201860053","article-title":"Molecular detection of Borrelia burgdorferi in free-living golden headed lion tamarins (Leontopithecus chrysomelas) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","volume":"60","author":"Santos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2004.03.015","article-title":"Leptospiral antibodies in captive lion tamarins (Leontopithecus sp) in Brazil","volume":"169","author":"Lilenbaum","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22961","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.22961","article-title":"Leptospira spp., rotavirus, norovirus, and hepatitis E virus surveillance in a wild invasive golden-headed lion tamarin (Leontopithecus chrysomelas; Kuhl, 1820) population from an urban park in Niter\u00f3i, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","volume":"81","author":"Molina","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Primatol."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1590\/S0124-00642011000500010","article-title":"Anticuerpos contra Leptospira sp. en primates neotropicales y trabajadores de un zool\u00f3gico colombiano\/Leptospiral antibodies in a Colombian zoo\u2019s Neotropical primates and workers","volume":"13","author":"Romero","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev. Salud P\u00fablica"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1638\/2018-0120","article-title":"Serologic survey of Leptospira spp. in captive animals from vVeracruz, Mexico","volume":"51","author":"Ochoa","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Zoo Wildl. Med."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1992.46.538","article-title":"Occurrence of severe leptospirosis in a breeding colony of squirrel monkeys","volume":"46","author":"Perolat","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.21005","article-title":"Detection of anti-Leptospira antibodies in captive nonhuman primates from Salvador, Brazil","volume":"74","author":"Pinna","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Primatol."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3224","DOI":"10.21897\/rmvz.224","article-title":"T\u00edtulos de anticuerpos contra Leptospira sp., en primates del zool\u00f3gico Mateca\u00f1a, Pereira, Colombia","volume":"17","author":"Romero","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev.MVZ C\u00f3rdoba"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-83822003000200010","article-title":"Leptospira spp detection by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) in clinical samples of captive black-capped Capuchin monkey (Cebus apella)","volume":"34","author":"Scarcelli","year":"2003","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2010.05.002","article-title":"An outbreak of severe leptospirosis in capuchin (Cebus) monkeys","volume":"188","author":"Szonyi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_166","first-page":"82","article-title":"Hemobartonellosis in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) in a domestic breeding colony: Case report and preliminary study","volume":"34","author":"Adams","year":"1984","journal-title":"Lab. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2015.09.001","article-title":"Occurrence and molecular characterization of Bartonella spp. and hemoplasmas in neotropical primates from Brazilian Amazon","volume":"42","author":"Bonato","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2017.05.002","article-title":"Occurrence of hemotropic mycoplasmas in non-human primates (Alouatta caraya, Sapajus nigritus and Callithrix jacchus) of southern Brazil","volume":"52","author":"Cubilla","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2019.01.011","article-title":"Genetic diversity and hematological and biochemical alterations in Alouatta primates naturally infected with hemoplasmas in Brazil","volume":"63","author":"Daneze","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(02)01588-5","article-title":"The putative haemobartonella that influences Plasmodium falciparum parasitaemia in squirrel monkeys is a haemotrophic mycoplasma","volume":"4","author":"Neimark","year":"2002","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2017.03.003","article-title":"Mycoplasma sp. infection in captive Marcgrave\u2019s capuchin monkeys (Sapajus flavius)","volume":"51","author":"Ramalho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.7589\/2012-06-159","article-title":"Hemotropic mycoplasma in a free-ranging black howler monkey (Alouatta caraya) in Brazil","volume":"49","author":"Santos","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227e251","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.1953.tb00171.x","article-title":"Report of the Society\u2019s Prosector for the year 1952","volume":"123","author":"Hill","year":"1953","journal-title":"Proc.Zool. Soc. Lond."},{"key":"ref_174","unstructured":"Bueno, M.G. (2012). Pesquisa de Leishmania spp. e Plasmodium spp. em primatas neotropicais provenientes de regi\u00f5es de Mata Atl\u00e2ntica e Amaz\u00f4nia impactadas por a\u04ab\u00f5es antr\u00f3picas: Investiga\u04ab\u00e3o in situ e ex situ, Universidad de Sao Paulo."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1590\/S1678-91992009000400011","article-title":"Serological survey for Leishmania sp. infection in wild animals from the municipality of Maring\u00e1, Paran\u00e1 state, Brazil","volume":"15","author":"Voltarelli","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Venom. Anim. Toxins Incl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2012.12.012","article-title":"Leishmania (Viannia) DNA detection by PCR-RFLP and sequencing in free-ranging owl monkeys (Aotus azarai azarai) from Formosa, Argentina","volume":"193","author":"Acardi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_177","first-page":"419","article-title":"Marmosets in New World leishmaniasis research","volume":"53","author":"Marsden","year":"1993","journal-title":"Medicina"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1638\/2012-0059R1.1","article-title":"Molecular diagnosis of Leishmania amazonensis in a captive spider monkey in Bauru, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil","volume":"43","author":"Lima","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Zoo Wildl. Med."},{"key":"ref_179","unstructured":"Fiennes, R. (1972). Protozoa of Tissues and Blood (Other than the Haemosporina). Pathology of Simian Primates Part II: Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Karger."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2015.1806","article-title":"Serological Evidence of Infection by Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum (Synonym: Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi) in Free-Ranging Wild Mammals in a Nonendemic Region of the State of S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil","volume":"15","author":"Paiz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.22094","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania mexicana in free-ranging howler monkeys in southeastern Mexico","volume":"75","author":"Caba","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Primatol."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182099005168","article-title":"Monkeys of the rainforest in French Guiana are natural reservoirs for P. brasilianum\/P. malariae malaria","volume":"120","author":"Fandeur","year":"2000","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-0276130578","article-title":"Plasmodium simium\/Plasmodium vivax infections in southern brown howler monkeys from the Atlantic Forest","volume":"109","author":"Costa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2008.05.020","article-title":"Natural Plasmodium infections in Brazilian wild monkeys: Reservoirs for human infections?","volume":"107","author":"Cerutti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0684.2006.00148.x","article-title":"Widespread occurrence of antibodies against circumsporozoite protein and against blood forms of Plasmodium vivax, P. falciparum and P. malariae in Brazilian wild monkeys","volume":"35","author":"Duarte","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Med. Primatol."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(02)00036-0","article-title":"A sero-epidemiological study of malaria in human and monkey populations in French Guiana","volume":"82","author":"Volney","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0684.2011.00498.x","article-title":"Detection of etiological agents of malaria in howler monkeys from Atlantic Forests, rescued in regions of S\u00e3o Paulo city, Brazil","volume":"40","author":"Yamasaki","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Med. Primatol."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-12-180","article-title":"Natural Plasmodium infection in monkeys in the state of Rond\u00f4nia (Brazilian Western Amazon)","volume":"12","author":"Messias","year":"2013","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02761992000700001","article-title":"Simian malaria in Brazil","volume":"87","author":"Deane","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-015-0606-6","article-title":"Simian malaria in the Brazilian Atlantic forest: First description of natural infection of capuchin monkeys (Cebinae subfamily) by Plasmodium Simium","volume":"14","author":"Pissinatti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-017-1724-0","article-title":"New potential Plasmodium brasilianum hosts: Tamarin and marmoset monkeys (family Callitrichidae)","volume":"16","author":"Alvarenga","year":"2017","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1989.41.379","article-title":"Sero-epidemiological studies of malaria in Indian tribes and monkeys of the Amazon Basin of Brazil","volume":"41","author":"Nardin","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abreu, F.V.S.d., Santos, E.d., Mello, A.R.L., Gomes, L.R., Alvarenga, D.A.M.d., Gomes, M.Q., Vargas, W.P., Bianco-J\u00fanior, C., Pina-Costa, A.d., and Teixeira, D.S. (2019). Howler monkeys are the reservoir of malarial parasites causing zoonotic infections in the Atlantic forest of Rio de Janeiro. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007906"},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1638\/2013-0032.1","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in captive mammals in three zoos in Mexico City, Mexico","volume":"44","author":"Villena","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Zoo Wildl. Med.."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1724","DOI":"10.1590\/S0103-84782007000600034","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis in squirrel monkeys: Histological and immunohistochemical analysis","volume":"37","author":"Andrade","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ci\u00eanc. Rural"},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1638\/2009-0104.1","article-title":"Granulomatous meningoencephalitis due to toxoplasma gondii in a black-headed night monkey (Aotus nigriceps)","volume":"42","author":"Antoniassi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Zoo Wildl. Med."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1590\/S1984-29612010000100006","article-title":"Detection of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in experimentally and naturally infected non-human primates by Indirect Fluorescence Assay (IFA) and indirect ELISA","volume":"19","author":"Bouer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. De Parasitol. Vet."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0684.1991.tb00530.x","article-title":"Prevalence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in Cebus spp in the Santa Fe Zoological Park of Medell\u00edn, Colombia","volume":"20","author":"Cadavid","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Med. Primatol."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1089\/153036602760260733","article-title":"Serologic survey of Toxoplasma gondii in noncarnivorous free-ranging neotropical mammals in French Guiana","volume":"2","author":"Carme","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.04.004","article-title":"Outbreaks of toxoplasmosis in a captive breeding colony of squirrel monkeys","volume":"163","author":"Carme","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.03.012","article-title":"Acute toxoplasmosis in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) in Mexico","volume":"180","author":"Correa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(96)01088-6","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis in a colony of New World monkeys","volume":"68","author":"Dietz","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.1008","article-title":"Health evaluation of translocated free-ranging primates in French Guiana","volume":"54","author":"Vogel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Primatol."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1638\/1042-7260(2000)031[0231:TIGHLT]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis in golden-headed lion tamarins (Leontopithecus chrysomelas) and emperor marmosets (Saguinus imperator) in captivity","volume":"31","author":"Epiphanio","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Zoo Wildl. Med."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.149.20.627","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis in a wild-caught black lion tamarin (Leontopithecus chrysopygus)","volume":"149","author":"Epiphanio","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1638\/05-018.1","article-title":"Application of assays for the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis in a colony of woolly monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha)","volume":"37","author":"Gyimesi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Zoo Wildl. Med."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.59.593","article-title":"Acute toxoplasmosis in squirrel monkeys","volume":"59","author":"Inoue","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_208","first-page":"55","article-title":"Fatal acute toxoplasmosis in three golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia)","volume":"29","author":"Prats","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Zoo Wildl. Med."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.06.004","article-title":"Sero-epidemiological survey for toxoplasmosis in wild New World monkeys (Cebus spp.; Alouatta caraya) at the Paran\u00e1 river basin, Paran\u00e1 State, Brazil","volume":"133","author":"Garcia","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1111\/jmp.12112","article-title":"Sero-epidemiological survey for brucellosis, leptospirosis, and toxoplasmosis in free-ranging Alouatta caraya and Callithrix penicillata from S\u00e3o Paulo State, Brazil","volume":"43","author":"Molina","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Med Primatol."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.22377","article-title":"Risk factors associated with Toxoplasma gondii infection in captive Sapajus spp.","volume":"77","author":"Ferreira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Primatol."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1638\/05-058.1","article-title":"Medical management of Toxoplasma meningitis in a white-throated capuchin (Cebus capucinus)","volume":"37","author":"Fiorello","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Zoo Wildl. Med."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02761995000300004","article-title":"Simian malaria at two sites in the Brazilian Amazon. I\u2014The infection rates of Plasmodium brasilianum in non-human primates","volume":"90","author":"Deane","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mem Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2015.08.009","article-title":"Isolation and molecular characterization of Toxoplasma gondii in a colony of captive black-capped squirrel monkeys (Saimiri boliviensis)","volume":"64","author":"Pardini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasitol Int."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1111\/jmp.12470","article-title":"Host range and susceptibility to Toxoplasma gondii infection in captive neotropical and Old-world primates","volume":"49","author":"Paula","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Primatol.."},{"key":"ref_216","first-page":"491","article-title":"Fatal Toxoplasma gondii infection in golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia rosalia)","volume":"28","author":"Pertz","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Zoo Wildl. Med."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1111\/jmp.12093","article-title":"Detection of Toxoplasma gondii in two southern Wooly spider monkeys (Brachyteles arachnoides-Geoffroy, 1806) from the Rio de Janeiro primate center, Brazil","volume":"43","author":"Santos","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Med. Primatol."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1111\/jmp.12326","article-title":"Fatal toxoplasmosis in a southern muriqui (Brachyteles arachnoides) from S\u00e3o Paulo state, Brazil: Pathological, immunohistochemical, and molecular characterization","volume":"47","author":"Santos","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Med. Primatol."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020312506375","article-title":"Parasites of wild howlers (Alouatta spp.)","volume":"19","author":"Stuart","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Primatol."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.22581","article-title":"Physiological and parasitological implications of living in a city: The case of the white-footed tamarin (Saguinus leucopus)","volume":"78","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Primatol."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2016.05.001","article-title":"Molecular characterization of trypanosomatid infections in wild howler monkeys (Alouatta caraya) in northeastern Argentina","volume":"5","author":"Kowalewski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Parasites Wildl."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1334-7","article-title":"Vector-borne transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi among captive Neotropical primates in a Brazilian zoo","volume":"9","author":"Nitz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"ref_223","unstructured":"Hoare, C.A. (1972). The Trypanosomes of Mammals: A Zoological Monograph, The University of Michigan."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1974.23.862","article-title":"The prevalence of trypanosomes and microfilariae in Panamanian monkeys","volume":"23","author":"Sousa","year":"1974","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2003.11.005","article-title":"Trypanosoma cruzi transmission in a captive primate unit, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","volume":"90","author":"Lisboa","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2008.09.015","article-title":"Trypanosoma cruzi in Brazilian Amazonia: Lineages TCI and TCIIa in wild primates, Rhodnius spp. and in humans with Chagas disease associated with oral transmission","volume":"39","author":"Marcili","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1873-y","article-title":"Lineage-specific serology confirms Brazilian Atlantic forest lion tamarins, Leontopithecus chrysomelas and Leontopithecus rosalia, as reservoir hosts of Trypanosoma cruzi II (TcII)","volume":"9","author":"Kerr","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2010.01.001","article-title":"The impact of concomitant infections by Trypanosoma cruzi and intestinal helminths on the health of wild golden and golden-headed lion tamarins","volume":"89","author":"Monteiro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1963.12.524","article-title":"Trypanosomes of south american monkeys and marmosets","volume":"12","author":"Dunn","year":"1963","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02761997000400003","article-title":"The infection rates of trypanosomes in squirrel monkeys at two sites in the Brazilian Amazon","volume":"92","author":"Ziccardi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762000000200004","article-title":"Trypanosomes of non-human primates from the National Centre of Primates, Ananindeua, State of Par\u00e1, Brazil","volume":"95","author":"Ziccardi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_232","first-page":"143","article-title":"Tripanosom\u00eddeos de mam\u00edferos da regi\u00e3o amaz\u00f4nica. IV. Hemoscopia e xenodiagn\u00f3stico de animais silvestres da estrada Bel\u00e9m-Bras\u00edlia","volume":"9","author":"Deane","year":"1967","journal-title":"Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. S Paulo."},{"key":"ref_233","first-page":"61","article-title":"Tripanosomideos de mam\u00edferos da regiao amazonica","volume":"3","year":"1961","journal-title":"Rev. Inst. Med. Trop S Paulo"},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2017.03.004","article-title":"Temporal and demographic blood parasite dynamics in two free-ranging neotropical primates","volume":"6","author":"Erkenswick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Parasites Wildl."},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.02.010","article-title":"Molecular identification of trypanosomatids in wild animals","volume":"203","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_236","first-page":"47","article-title":"Presencia de un hemoflagelado semejante al Trypanosoma rangeli Tejera 1920, en el mono Saimiri boliviensis, en la Regi\u00f3n Amazona, Peru","volume":"6","author":"Ayala","year":"1964","journal-title":"Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. S Paulo"},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2008.05.015","article-title":"Infection rates and genotypes of Trypanosoma rangeli and T. cruzi infecting free-ranging Saguinus bicolor (Callitrichidae), a critically endangered primate of the Amazon Rainforest","volume":"107","author":"Naiff","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1590\/S0037-86822012000200006","article-title":"Seroepidemiological monitoring in sentinel animals and vectors as part of arbovirus surveillance in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil","volume":"45","author":"Batista","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop."},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2345(1998)44:2<107::AID-AJP2>3.0.CO;2-#","article-title":"Immobilization and health assessment of free-ranging black spider monkeys (Ateles paniscus chamek)","volume":"44","author":"Karesh","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Primatol."},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-736X2014000500013","article-title":"Levantamento soroepidemiol\u00f3gico para arbov\u00edrus em macaco-prego-galego (Cebus flavius) de vida livre no estado da Para\u00edba e em macaco-prego (Cebus libidinosus) de cativeiro do nordeste do Brasil","volume":"34","author":"Laroque","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pesq. Vet. Bras."},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1981.30.689","article-title":"An Outbreak of Mayaro Virus Disease in Belterra, Brazil","volume":"30","author":"Hoch","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1983.32.854","article-title":"Serologic evidence of natural togavirus infections in Panamanian sloths and other vertebrates","volume":"32","author":"Seymour","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1998.59.452","article-title":"Mayaro virus fever in French Guiana: Isolation, identification, and seroprevalence","volume":"59","author":"Talarmin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2007.04.009","article-title":"Infection by UNA virus (Alphavirus; Togaviridae) and risk factor analysis in black howler monkeys (Alouatta caraya) from Paraguay and Argentina","volume":"101","author":"Diaz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trans. R Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-17.1.153","article-title":"Mammalian wildlife diseases as hazards to man and livestock in an area of the Llanos Orientales of Colombia","volume":"17","author":"Wells","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis"},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-018-1361-2","article-title":"Surveillance of Arboviruses in Primates and Sloths in the Atlantic Forest, Bahia, Brazil","volume":"15","author":"Catenacci","year":"2018","journal-title":"EcoHealth"},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morales, M.A., Fabbri, C.M., Zunino, G.E., Kowalewski, M.M., Luppo, V.C., Enria, D.A., Levis, S.C., and Calderon, G.E. (2017). Detection of the mosquito-borne flaviviruses, West Nile, Dengue, Saint Louis Encephalitis, Ilheus, Bussuquara, and Yellow Fever in free-ranging black howlers (Alouatta caraya) of Northeastern Argentina. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005351"},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e190076","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-02760190076","article-title":"Combination of surveillance tools reveals that Yellow Fever virus can remain in the same Atlantic Forest area at least for three transmission seasons","volume":"114","author":"Abreu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9967","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00588-10","article-title":"Yellow fever virus maintenance in Trinidad and its dispersal throughout the Americas","volume":"84","author":"Auguste","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2101.140814","article-title":"Enzootic transmission of yellow fever virus, Venezuela","volume":"21","author":"Auguste","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-02760170134","article-title":"Genome analysis of yellow fever virus of the ongoing outbreak in Brazil reveals polymorphisms","volume":"112","author":"Bonaldo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.21010","article-title":"Yellow fever outbreak affecting Alouatta populations in southern Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul State), 2008-2009","volume":"74","author":"Noll","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Primatol."},{"key":"ref_253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0363-2015","article-title":"Frequency of histopathological changes in Howler monkeys (Alouatta sp.) naturally infected with yellow fever virus in Brazil","volume":"49","author":"Leal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop."},{"key":"ref_254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-3966-x","article-title":"Yellow fever epizootics in non-human primates, Southeast and Northeast Brazil (2017 and 2018)","volume":"13","author":"Horta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"ref_255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1590\/S0037-86822011005000041","article-title":"Reemergence of yellow fever: Detection of transmission in the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, 2008","volume":"44","author":"Moreno","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop."},{"key":"ref_256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1981.30.204","article-title":"An epidemic of yellow fever in Central Brazil, 1972-1973. II. Ecological studies","volume":"30","author":"Pinheiro","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(90)90411-7","article-title":"Sylvatic yellow fever activity in Trinidad, 1988-1989","volume":"84","author":"Rawlins","year":"1990","journal-title":"Trans. R Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870301500611","article-title":"A case of yellow fever in a brown howler (Alouatta fusca) in Southern Brazil","volume":"15","author":"Sallis","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Invest."},{"key":"ref_259","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0106-2013","article-title":"First report of yellow fever virus in non-human primates in the State of Parana, Brazil","volume":"46","author":"Tranquilin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop."},{"key":"ref_260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.21897\/rmvz.490","article-title":"La Re-emergencia de la fiebre amarilla en Colombia","volume":"9","author":"Velandia","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rev. MVZ C\u00f3rdoba"},{"key":"ref_261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1111\/jmp.12417","article-title":"Detection of antibodies against Icoaraci, Ilheus, and Saint Louis Encephalitis arboviruses during yellow fever monitoring surveillance in non-human primates (Alouatta caraya) in southern Brazil","volume":"48","author":"Almeida","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Med. Primatol."},{"key":"ref_262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1590\/S0034-89102001000200003","article-title":"Arbov\u00edrus Ilheus em aves silvestres (Sporophila caerulescens e Molothrus bonariensis)","volume":"35","author":"Pereira","year":"2001","journal-title":"Rev. Saude Publica"},{"key":"ref_263","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0083-2014","article-title":"Serological evidence for Saint Louis encephalitis virus in free-ranging New World monkeys and horses within the upper Parana River basin region, Southern Brazil","volume":"47","author":"Svoboda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop."},{"key":"ref_264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16034","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-34423-6","article-title":"Evidence of natural Zika virus infection in neotropical non-human primates in Brazil","volume":"8","author":"Terzian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_265","first-page":"252","article-title":"Preval\u00eancia de Trypanosoma cruzi, Trypanosoma minasense e de anticorpos contra arbov\u00edrus em primatas n\u00e3o humanos (Callithrichidae) em cativeiro","volume":"22","author":"Moreira","year":"2000","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Med. Vet."},{"key":"ref_266","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01750-01716","DOI":"10.1128\/genomeA.01750-16","article-title":"New Virus Genome Sequences of the Guama Serogroup (Genus Orthobunyavirus, Family Bunyaviridae), Isolated in the Brazilian Amazon Region","volume":"5","author":"Carvalho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genome Announc."},{"key":"ref_267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0425-2015","article-title":"Detection of antibodies to Oropouche virus in non-human primates in Goi\u00e2nia City, Goi\u00e1s","volume":"49","author":"Gibrail","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop."},{"key":"ref_268","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1110.050464","article-title":"Oropouche virus isolation, southeast Brazil","volume":"11","author":"Nunes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_269","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0688","article-title":"Evidence of Apeu Virus Infection in Wild Monkeys, Brazilian Amazon","volume":"94","author":"Oliveira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-010-0284-3","article-title":"Cross-Species Pathogen Transmission and Disease Emergence in Primates","volume":"6","author":"Pedersen","year":"2009","journal-title":"EcoHealth"},{"key":"ref_271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.23.2.1492","article-title":"Ecological sources of zoonotic diseases","volume":"23","author":"Slingenbergh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rev. Sci Tech."},{"key":"ref_272","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.01.013","article-title":"Making New Connections: Insights from Primate-Parasite Networks","volume":"33","author":"Rushmore","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_273","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.34.030102.151725","article-title":"Social organization and disease risk in mammals: Integrating theory and empirical studies","volume":"34","author":"Altizer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst."},{"key":"ref_274","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.2307\/2389485","article-title":"Malaria Infection Rate of Amazonian Primates Increases with Body Weight and Group Size","volume":"5","author":"Daviews","year":"1991","journal-title":"Funct. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-005-0005-z","article-title":"Malaria infection and host behavior: A comparative study of Neotropical primates","volume":"59","author":"Nunn","year":"2005","journal-title":"Behav.Ecol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/6.2.159","article-title":"Parasitism and group size in social animals: A meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Poulin","year":"1995","journal-title":"Behav. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_277","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20140111","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2014.0111","article-title":"Infectious disease and group size: More than just a numbers game","volume":"370","author":"Nunn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_278","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2012.12.012","article-title":"Role of Grooming in Reducing Tick Load in Wild Baboons (Papio cynocephalus)","volume":"85","author":"Akinyi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"ref_279","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22095","DOI":"10.1038\/srep22095","article-title":"Network centrality and seasonality interact to predict lice load in a social primate","volume":"6","author":"Duboscq","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zohdy, S., Kemp, A.D., Durden, L.A., Wright, P.C., and Jernvall, J. (2012). Mapping the social network: Tracking lice in a wild primate (Microcebus rufus) population to infer social contacts and vector potential. BMC ECOL, 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6785-12-4"},{"key":"ref_281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.3.596-599.1999","article-title":"Body lice as tools for diagnosis and surveillance of reemerging diseases","volume":"37","author":"Roux","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_282","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.09.003","article-title":"Survey on blood-sucking lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura) of ruminants and pigs with molecular detection of Anaplasma and Rickettsia spp.","volume":"174","author":"Hornok","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol"},{"key":"ref_283","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20121160","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2012.1160","article-title":"Age-related effects on malaria parasite infection in wild chimpanzees","volume":"9","author":"Thiesen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_284","first-page":"852591","article-title":"Comparison of protective immune responses to apicomplexan parasites","volume":"2012","author":"Entzeroth","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2015.10.006","article-title":"Hemoparasites in a wild primate: Infection patterns suggest interaction of Plasmodium and Babesia in a lemur species","volume":"4","author":"Springer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Parasites Wildl."},{"key":"ref_286","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/s12983-017-0228-7","article-title":"Sleeping site ecology, but not sex, affect ecto- and hemoparasite risk, in sympatric, arboreal primates (Avahi occidentalis and Lepilemur edwardsi)","volume":"14","author":"Hokan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Zool."},{"key":"ref_287","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s10329-012-0329-z","article-title":"Do chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) exhibit sleep related behaviors that minimize exposure to parasitic arthropods? A preliminary report on the possible anti-vector function of chimpanzee sleeping platforms","volume":"54","author":"Samson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Primates"},{"key":"ref_288","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1210.060852","article-title":"West Nile virus isolation from equines in Argentina, 2006","volume":"12","author":"Morales","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_289","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.27.2.1813","article-title":"Climate change and animal diseases in South America","volume":"27","author":"Pinto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rev. Sci Tech."},{"key":"ref_290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3121\/cmr.1.1.5","article-title":"Birds, migration and emerging zoonoses: West nile virus, lyme disease, influenza A and enteropathogens","volume":"1","author":"Reed","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2009.0236","article-title":"West Nile virus monitoring of migratory and resident birds in Germany","volume":"10","author":"Seidowski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_292","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1194694","article-title":"Animal Migration and Infectious Disease Risk","volume":"331","author":"Altizer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_293","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0102.950201","article-title":"Travel and the Emergence of Infectious Diseases","volume":"1","author":"Wilson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_294","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1993","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-19554-0","article-title":"Human migration and the spread of malaria parasites to the New World","volume":"8","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7738","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1220716110","article-title":"Centrality in primate\u2013parasite networks reveals the potential for the transmission of emerging infectious diseases to humans","volume":"110","author":"Nunn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_296","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Candeloro, L., Savini, L., and Conte, A. (2016). A New Weighted Degree Centrality Measure: The Application in an Animal Disease Epidemic. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0165781"},{"key":"ref_297","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1976.0089","article-title":"Malaria of the orang-utan (Pongo pygmaeus) in Borneo","volume":"275","author":"Peters","year":"1976","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_298","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1126\/science.285.5433.1505","article-title":"Emerging Marine Diseases\u2014Climate Links and Anthropogenic Factors","volume":"285","author":"Harvell","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_299","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1111\/btp.12072","article-title":"Cascading Effects of Climate Change: Do Hurricane-damaged Forests Increase Risk of Exposure to Parasites?","volume":"46","author":"Behie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biotropica"},{"key":"ref_300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1890\/08-0823.1","article-title":"Projected climate-induced faunal change in the Western Hemisphere","volume":"90","author":"Lawler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2486.1998.00156.x","article-title":"Impact of global warming on the distribution and survival of the gelada baboon: A modelling approach","volume":"4","author":"Dunbar","year":"1998","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1162547","article-title":"Global Warming, Elevational Range Shifts, and Lowland Biotic Attrition in the Wet Tropics","volume":"322","author":"Colwell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_303","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.22317","article-title":"Impacts of climate change on the distribution of Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana) in Shennongjia area, China","volume":"77","author":"Luo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Primatol."},{"key":"ref_304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1366-9516.2005.00160.x","article-title":"Latitudinal gradients of parasite species richness in primates","volume":"11","author":"Nunn","year":"2005","journal-title":"Divers. Distrib."},{"key":"ref_305","unstructured":"IPCC (2013). Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_306","unstructured":"Chapman, C.A., and Huffman, M.A. (2009). Habitat disturbance and seasonal fluctuations of lemur parasites in the rain forest of Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar. Primate Parasite Ecology: The Dynamics and Study of Host-Parasite Relationships, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_307","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-44.4.878","article-title":"Coprologic evidence of gastrointestinal helminths of Forest baboons, Papio anubis, in Kibale National Park, Uganda","volume":"44","author":"Bezjian","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_308","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1409.071196","article-title":"Forest fragmentation as cause of bacterial transmission among primates, humans, and livestock, Uganda","volume":"14","author":"Goldberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_309","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2255","DOI":"10.1007\/s00285-019-01428-2","article-title":"Habitat fragmentation promotes malaria persistence","volume":"79","author":"Gao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Math. Biol."},{"key":"ref_310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-8-110","article-title":"Patterns of co-speciation and host switching in primate malaria parasites","volume":"8","author":"Garamszegi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_311","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akpan, G.E., Adepoju, K.A., and Oladosu, O.R. (2019). Potential distribution of dominant malaria vector species in tropical region under climate change scenarios. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0218523"},{"key":"ref_312","first-page":"1136","article-title":"Climate change and vector-borne diseases: A regional analysis","volume":"78","author":"Githeko","year":"2000","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_313","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0901389","article-title":"Potential Influence of Climate Change on Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases: A Review and Proposed Research Plan","volume":"118","author":"Mills","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_314","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.12.144","article-title":"Climate change and health: An analysis of causal relations on the spread of vector-borne diseases in Brazil","volume":"177","author":"Spielmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2015.10.007","article-title":"Seasonal variation in the abundance and distribution of ticks that parasitize Microcebus griseorufus at the Bez\u00e0 Mahafaly Special Reserve, Madagascar","volume":"4","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Parasites Wildl."},{"key":"ref_316","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.13215","article-title":"Climate variation influences host specificity in avian malaria parasites","volume":"22","author":"Fecchio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_317","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1007\/s40808-018-0561-7","article-title":"Pathogen adaptation to temperature with density dependent host mortality and climate change","volume":"5","author":"Waikhom","year":"2019","journal-title":"Model. Earth Syst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_318","first-page":"2561","article-title":"Shifts in phenology due to global climate change: The need for a yardstick","volume":"272","author":"Visser","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_319","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.20577","article-title":"Effects of food and topography on ranging behavior of black crested gibbon (Nomascus concolor jingdongensis) in Wuliang Mountain, Yunnan, China","volume":"70","author":"Fan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Primatol."},{"key":"ref_320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02196509","article-title":"Seasonal patterns of diet and ranging in two species of tamarin monkeys: Stability versus variability","volume":"14","author":"Garber","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int. J. Primatol."},{"key":"ref_321","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021625003597","article-title":"Climatic determinants of diet and foraging behaviour in baboons","volume":"16","author":"Hill","year":"2002","journal-title":"Evol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_322","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02557704","article-title":"Socioecological factors influencing population structure of gorillas and chimpanzees","volume":"40","author":"Yamagiwa","year":"1999","journal-title":"Primates"},{"key":"ref_323","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20130553","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2013.0553","article-title":"Evolution in action: Climate change, biodiversity dynamics and emerging infectious disease","volume":"370","author":"Hoberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_324","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2749","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2009.0087","article-title":"Genetic diversity of Toxoplasma gondii in animals and humans","volume":"364","author":"Sibley","year":"2009","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"ref_325","unstructured":"Davidson, G., Chua, T.H., Cook, A., Speldewinde, P., and Weinstein, P. (1039). The Role of Ecological Linkage Mechanisms in Plasmodium knowlesi Transmission and Spread. EcoHealth, -6."},{"key":"ref_326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2017.06.001","article-title":"Emerging arboviruses: Why today?","volume":"4","author":"Gould","year":"2017","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"ref_327","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crvi.2019.09.023","article-title":"Human activities and climate change in the emergence of vector-borne diseases","volume":"342","author":"Failloux","year":"2019","journal-title":"C. R. Biol."},{"key":"ref_328","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lafferty, K.D., and Holt, R.D. (2003). How should environmental stress affect the population dynamics of disease?. Ecol. Lett.","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1461-0248.2003.00480.x"},{"key":"ref_329","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(99)00070-9","article-title":"Nutrition\u2013parasite interaction","volume":"84","author":"Coop","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_330","unstructured":"OIE (2019). Chapter 3.9.11.\u2014Zoonoses Transmissible from Non-Human Primates, OIE."},{"key":"ref_331","unstructured":"OIE (2021, February 25). OIE-Listed Diseases, Infections and Infestations in Force in 2020. Available online: https:\/\/www.oie.int\/en\/animal-health-in-the-world\/oie-listed-diseases-2020\/."},{"key":"ref_332","unstructured":"OIE (2021, February 25). Ebola Virus Disease. Available online: https:\/\/www.oie.int\/en\/animal-health-in-the-world\/animal-diseases\/Ebola-virus-disease\/."},{"key":"ref_333","unstructured":"OIE (2015). Guidelines for Wildlife Disease Surveillance: An Overview, OIE."},{"key":"ref_334","unstructured":"OIE (2010). Training Manual on Wildlife Diseases and Surveillance: Workshop for OIE National Focal Points for Wildlife, OIE."},{"key":"ref_335","unstructured":"IUCN (2015). Workshop to Develop a Wildlife Health Plan for the Gal\u00e1pagos Islands, Wildlife Conservation Society."},{"key":"ref_336","unstructured":"Jakob-Hoff, R.M., MacDiarmid, S.C., Lees, C., Miller, P.S., Travis, D., and Kock, R. (2014). Manual of Procedures for Wildlife Disease Risk Analysis, IUCN."},{"key":"ref_337","unstructured":"Ahmed, S., Sarowar Alam, A.B.M., Azmiri, K., and ZenifarRahman, M.Z. (2015). A Field Manual for the Study of Wild Birds: Bird Census, Bird Ringing, Sample Collection and Analysis, IUCN."},{"key":"ref_338","unstructured":"IUCN (2014). Guidelines for Wildlife Disease Risk Analysis, OIE."},{"key":"ref_339","unstructured":"Minist\u00e9riodaSa\u00fade (2005). Manual de vigil\u00e2ncia de epizootias em primatas n\u00e3o-humanos."},{"key":"ref_340","unstructured":"Minist\u00e9riodaSa\u00fade (2014). Guia de vigil\u00e2ncia de epizootias em primatas n\u00e3o humanos e entomologia aplicada \u00e0 vigil\u00e2ncia da febre amarela."},{"key":"ref_341","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0024-2015","article-title":"Evaluation of arboviruses of public health interest in free-living non-human primates (Alouatta spp., Callithrix spp., Sapajus spp.) in Brazil","volume":"48","author":"Batista","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop."},{"key":"ref_342","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1038","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30333-9","article-title":"Outbreak of human malaria caused by Plasmodium simium in the Atlantic Forest in Rio de Janeiro: A molecular epidemiological investigation","volume":"5","author":"Brasil","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_343","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almeida, M.A.B., Cardoso, J.d.C., dos Santos, E., da Fonseca, D.F., Cruz, L.L., Faraco, F.J.C., Bercini, M.A., Vettorello, K.C., Porto, M.A., and Mohrdieck, R. (2014). Surveillance for Yellow Fever Virus in Non-Human Primates in Southern Brazil, 2001\u20132011: A Tool for Prioritizing Human Populations for Vaccination. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002741"},{"key":"ref_344","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-03332-7","article-title":"Role of monkeys in the sylvatic cycle of chikungunya virus in Senegal","volume":"9","author":"Althouse","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0902-6","article-title":"Diagnosis of toxoplasmosis and typing of Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"ref_346","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-01798-5","article-title":"Wild bonobos host geographically restricted malaria parasites including a putative new Laverania species","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_347","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Milich, K.M., Koestler, B.J., Simmons, J.H., Nehete, P.N., Di Fiore, A., Williams, L.E., Dudley, J.P., Vanchiere, J., and Payne, S.M. (2018). Methods for detecting Zika virus in feces: A case study in captive squirrel monkeys (Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis). PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0209391"},{"key":"ref_348","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2014.03.002","article-title":"DNA from pre-erythrocytic stage malaria parasites is detectable by PCR in the faeces and blood of hosts","volume":"44","author":"Abkallo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_349","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-018-0100-2","article-title":"PCR-based detection of Plasmodium falciparum in saliva using mitochondrial cox3 and varATS primers","volume":"46","author":"Lloyd","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Health."},{"key":"ref_350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-017-2084-5","article-title":"Detection of Plasmodium falciparum DNA in saliva samples stored at room temperature: Potential for a non-invasive saliva-based diagnostic test for malaria","volume":"16","author":"Mfuh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_351","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1007\/s12686-016-0574-3","article-title":"A non-invasive tool for assessing pathogen prevalence in koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) populations: Detection of Chlamydia pecorum and koala retrovirus (KoRV) DNA in genetic material sourced from scats","volume":"8","author":"Wedrowicz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Conserv. Genet. Resour."},{"key":"ref_352","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hofmann, N., Mwingira, F., Shekalaghe, S., Robinson, L.J., Mueller, I., and Felger, I. (2015). Ultra-Sensitive Detection of Plasmodium falciparum by Amplification of Multi-Copy Subtelomeric Targets. PLoS Med., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001788"},{"key":"ref_353","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-019-2743-9","article-title":"Sensitive real-time PCR detection of Plasmodium falciparum parasites in whole blood by erythrocyte membrane protein 1 gene amplification","volume":"18","author":"Grabias","year":"2019","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_354","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1538-7836.2003.00216.x","article-title":"Logistics and quality control for DNA sampling in large multicenter studies","volume":"1","author":"Nederhand","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0602","article-title":"The Effect of Storage and Extraction Methods on Amplification of Plasmodium falciparum DNA from Dried Blood Spots","volume":"92","author":"Schwartz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_356","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0614","article-title":"Malaria PCR Detection in Cambodian Low-Transmission Settings: Dried Blood Spots Versus Venous Blood Samples","volume":"92","author":"Canier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_357","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-393","article-title":"A nested real-time PCR assay for the quantification of Plasmodium falciparum DNA extracted from dried blood spots","volume":"13","author":"Tran","year":"2014","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_358","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1949","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2011.03541.x","article-title":"Polymerase chain reaction\u2013based tests for pan-species and species-specific detection of human Plasmodium parasites","volume":"52","author":"Mahajan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"ref_359","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2901","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-39921-9","article-title":"Detection of sub-microscopic blood levels of Plasmodium falciparum using Tandem Oligonucleotide Repeat Cascade Amplification (TORCA) assay with an attomolar detection limit","volume":"9","author":"Ghindilis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_360","unstructured":"Lederberg, J., Shope, R.E., and Oaks, S.C. (1992). Emerging Infections: Microbial Threats to Health in the United States, National Academy of Sciences."},{"key":"ref_361","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rascalou, G., Pontier, D., Menu, F., and Gourbi\u00e8re, S. (2012). Emergence and prevalence of human vector-borne diseases in sink vector populations. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0036858"},{"key":"ref_362","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2011.1282","article-title":"Vector host-feeding preferences drive transmission of multi-host pathogens: West Nile virus as a model system","volume":"279","author":"Simpson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Royal Soc. B"},{"key":"ref_363","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6810","DOI":"10.1002\/mma.5786","article-title":"How vector feeding preference through an infectious host relates to the seasonal transmission rates in a mathematical vector-host model","volume":"42","year":"2019","journal-title":"Math. Methods Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_364","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-019-2910-z","article-title":"Prevalence of Plasmodium parasites in non-human primates and mosquitoes in areas with different degrees of fragmentation in Colombia","volume":"18","author":"Link","year":"2019","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_365","first-page":"188","article-title":"Deterring poaching in western Tanzania: The presence of wildlife researchers","volume":"3","author":"Piel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_366","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3676","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-60569-3","article-title":"Genetic assignment of illegally trafficked neotropical primates and implications for reintroduction programs","volume":"10","author":"Oklander","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_367","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Messenger, A.M., Barnes, A.N., and Gray, G.C. (2014). Reverse zoonotic disease transmission (zooanthroponosis): A systematic review of seldom-documented human biological threats to animals. PLoS ONE.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0089055"},{"key":"ref_368","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lambert, C., Couteaudier, M., Gouzil, J., Richard, L., Montange, T., Betsem, E., Rua, R., Tobaly-Tapiero, J., Lindemann, D., and Njouom, R. (2018). Potent neutralizing antibodies in humans infected with zoonotic simian foamy viruses target conserved epitopes located in the dimorphic domain of the surface envelope protein. PLoS Pathog., 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007293"},{"key":"ref_369","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1739.1996.10020349.x","article-title":"Disease Risks of Wildlife Translocations","volume":"10","author":"Cunningham","year":"1996","journal-title":"Conserv. Biol."},{"key":"ref_370","unstructured":"IUCN\/SSC (2021, February 20). Guidelines for Reintroductions and Other Conservation Translocations. Version 1.0. IUCN Species Survival Commission, Gland, Switzerland. Available online: http:\/\/www.issg.org\/pdf\/publications\/RSG_ISSG-Reintroduction-Guidelines-2013.pdf."},{"key":"ref_371","first-page":"8","article-title":"New international and national guidelines for conservation translocations","volume":"89","author":"Hollingsworth","year":"2015","journal-title":"Practice"},{"key":"ref_372","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liberati, A., Altman, D.G., Tetzlaff, J., Mulrow, C., G\u00f8tzsche, P.C., Ioannidis, J.P.A., Clarke, M., Devereaux, P.J., Kleijnen, J., and Moher, D. (2009). The PRISMA Statement for Reporting Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses of Studies That Evaluate Health Care Interventions: Explanation and Elaboration. PLoS Med., 6.","DOI":"10.2427\/5768"},{"key":"ref_373","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., and Altman, D. (2009). Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and MetaAnalyses: The PRISMA Statement. PLoS Med., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097"},{"key":"ref_374","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1708-8305.2009.00346.x","article-title":"Minimizing pathogen transmission at primate ecotourism destinations: The need for input from travel medicine","volume":"16","author":"Muehlenbein","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Travel Med."},{"key":"ref_375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23145","article-title":"Primates on display: Potential disease consequences beyond bushmeat","volume":"162","author":"Muehlenbein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"ref_376","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-017-1284-3","article-title":"Implications of Tourist\u2013Macaque Interactions for Disease Transmission","volume":"14","author":"Carne","year":"2017","journal-title":"EcoHealth"},{"key":"ref_377","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2019.00305","article-title":"Infectious Disease Risk Across the Growing Human-Non Human Primate Interface: A Review of the Evidence","volume":"7","author":"Devaux","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Public Health."},{"key":"ref_378","unstructured":"Pedersen, K., Baroch, J., Nolte, D., Gidlewski, T., and Deliberto, T. (2012). The Role of the National Wildlife Disease Program. Wildlife Disease Surveillance and Emergency Response, USDA National Wildlife Research Center\u2014Staff Publications."},{"key":"ref_379","first-page":"3","article-title":"Surveillance, monitoring and surveys of wildlife diseases: A public health and conservation approach","volume":"25","author":"Guberti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hystrix It. J. Mamm."},{"key":"ref_380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1739.2007.00776.x","article-title":"Infectious diseases and extinction risk in wild animals","volume":"21","author":"Pedersen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Conserv. Biol."},{"key":"ref_381","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.l1903","article-title":"20 years of national wildlife disease surveillance","volume":"184","author":"Holmes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_382","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Woods, R., Reiss, A., Cox-Witton, K., Grillo, T., and Peters, A. (2019). The Importance of Wildlife Disease Monitoring as Part of Global Surveillance for Zoonotic Diseases: The Role of Australia. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis., 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed4010029"},{"key":"ref_383","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.21.1.1321","article-title":"Surveillance and monitoring of wildlife diseases","volume":"21","author":"Obendorf","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rev. Sci Tech."},{"key":"ref_384","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1865-1682.2010.01100.x","article-title":"Systematic review of surveillance systems for emerging zoonoses","volume":"57","author":"Vrbova","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trans. Emerg. Dis."}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/10\/8\/1009\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:43:41Z","timestamp":1760165021000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/10\/8\/1009"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,10]]},"references-count":384,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens10081009"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens10081009","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,10]]}}}