{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T03:01:11Z","timestamp":1785726071207,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,15]],"date-time":"2021-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628985600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The causative agent of legionellosis is the Gram-negative intracellular bacteria Legionella spp. Its clinical presentation varies from a mild febrile illness called Pontiac fever to the severe and possible fatal pneumonia, Legionnaires\u2019 disease. Immunocompromised patients, in particular, are affected. Only a small number of infected neonates are described in the literature. Most of them have been associated with water birth or the use of air humidifiers. In the last five years, a growing number of cases have been reported in Germany by the national institute of disease surveillance and prevention (Robert-Koch Institute). Here, we describe a fatal case report of pulmonary legionellosis with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), sepsis, associated cutaneous manifestation, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in a full-term neonate. Moreover, we present a review of the literature discussing the epidemiology, risk factors, clinical features, diagnostics, treatment options, and prevention for this rare condition in neonates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10081031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,15]],"date-time":"2021-08-15T22:51:27Z","timestamp":1629067887000},"page":"1031","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Severe Pneumonia in Neonates Associated with Legionella pneumophila: Case Report and Review of the Literature"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2246-7982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alba","family":"Perez Ortiz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, University Children\u2019s Hospital Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camilla","family":"Hahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University Children\u2019s Hospital Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Schaible","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, University Children\u2019s Hospital Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2035-8598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neysan","family":"Rafat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, University Children\u2019s Hospital Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3454-2081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bettina","family":"Lange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hygiene, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60078-2","article-title":"Legionnaires\u2019 disease","volume":"387","author":"Cunha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e103","DOI":"10.1086\/323023","article-title":"Legionella pneumophila pneumonia in a newborn after water birth: A new mode of transmission","volume":"33","author":"Franzin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. 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