{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T03:45:13Z","timestamp":1783309513531,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":251,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,25]],"date-time":"2021-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["407711\/2012-0 and 421803\/2017-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["407711\/2012-0 and 421803\/2017-7"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chagas disease was described more than a century ago and, despite great efforts to understand the underlying mechanisms that lead to cardiac and digestive manifestations in chronic patients, much remains to be clarified. The disease is found beyond Latin America, including Japan, the USA, France, Spain, and Australia, and is caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. Dr. Carlos Chagas described Chagas disease in 1909 in Brazil, and hepatomegaly was among the clinical signs observed. Currently, hepatomegaly is cited in most papers published which either study acutely infected patients or experimental models, and we know that the parasite can infect multiple cell types in the liver, especially Kupffer cells and dendritic cells. Moreover, liver damage is more pronounced in cases of oral infection, which is mainly found in the Amazon region. However, the importance of liver involvement, including the hepatic immune response, in disease progression does not receive much attention. In this review, we present the very first paper published approaching the liver\u2019s participation in the infection, as well as subsequent papers published in the last century, up to and including our recently published results. We propose that, after infection, activated peripheral T lymphocytes reach the liver and induce a shift to a pro-inflammatory ambient environment. Thus, there is an immunological integration and cooperation between peripheral and hepatic immunity, contributing to disease control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10091074","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,25]],"date-time":"2021-08-25T04:24:27Z","timestamp":1629865467000},"page":"1074","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["The Liver and the Hepatic Immune Response in Trypanosoma cruzi Infection, a Historical and Updated View"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Natalia","family":"Vacani-Martins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Inova\u00e7\u00f5es em Terapias, Ensino e Bioprodutos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21041-361, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2399-9967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcelo","family":"Meuser-Batista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Depto de Anatomia Patol\u00f3gica e Citopatologia, Instituto Fernandes Figueira, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 22250-020, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carina de Lima Pereira","family":"dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Inova\u00e7\u00f5es em Terapias, Ensino e Bioprodutos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21041-361, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5430-7222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro Marcel","family":"Hasslocher-Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21041-361, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9136-240X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Henriques-Pons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Inova\u00e7\u00f5es em Terapias, Ensino e Bioprodutos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21041-361, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-317","article-title":"The history of Chagas disease","volume":"7","author":"Steverding","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Chagas, C. 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