{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T21:44:30Z","timestamp":1789767870928,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,27]],"date-time":"2021-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630022400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI163333"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI163333"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Low-density granulocytes (LDGs) have been characterized as important immune cells during healthy and disease states in humans, including microbial infections, cancer, and autoimmune dysfunction. However, the classification of this cell type is similar to other immune cells (e.g., neutrophils, myeloid-derived suppressor cells) and ambiguous functional standards have rendered LDG identification and isolation daunting. Furthermore, most research involving LDGs has mainly focused on adult cells and subjects, leaving increased uncertainty surrounding younger populations, especially in vulnerable neonatal groups where LDG numbers are elevated. This review aims to bring together the current research in the field of LDG biology in the context of immunity to disease, with a focus on infection. In addition, we propose to highlight the gaps in the field that, if filled, could improve upon isolation techniques and functional characterizations for LDGs separate from neutrophils and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). This will not only enhance understanding of LDGs during disease processes and how they differ from other cell types but will also aid in the interpretation of comparative studies and results with the potential to inform development of novel therapeutics to improve disease states in patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10091091","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,31]],"date-time":"2021-08-31T04:07:28Z","timestamp":1630382848000},"page":"1091","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["The Enigma of Low-Density Granulocytes in Humans: Complexities in the Characterization and Function of LDGs during Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Brittany G.","family":"Seman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2122-2046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cory M.","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA"},{"name":"Vaccine Development Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-013-0375-7","article-title":"Low-density granulocytes: A distinct class of neutrophils in systemic autoimmunity","volume":"35","author":"Kaplan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Semin. 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