{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T16:19:58Z","timestamp":1777652398302,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,31]],"date-time":"2021-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630368000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008771","name":"Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["B-1543083-2021-22-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B-1543083-2021-22-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008771","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To prevent diarrhea in suckling piglets infected by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) vaccines are administered mainly through intramuscular (IM) or oral routes. We found that growing pigs vaccinated with an inactivated PEDV vaccine via the intradermal (ID) route had higher neutralizing antibody titers and cytokine (IFN-\u03b3, IL-4, and IL-10) levels than non-vaccinated pigs. In addition, suckling piglets acquired lactogenic immunity from pregnant sows inoculated with an ID PED vaccine. We evaluated the efficacy of vaccination via this route, along with subsequent protection against virulent PEDV. At six days post-challenge, the survival rate of suckling piglets exposed to virulent PEDV was 70% for the ID group and 0% for the mock group (no vaccine). At necropsy, villi length in the duodenum and ileum of piglets with lactogenic immunity provided by ID-vaccinated sows proved to be significant (p &lt; 0.05) when compared with those in piglets from mock group sows. Thus, vaccination using an inactivated PED vaccine via the ID route provides partial protection against infection by virulent PEDV.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10091115","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,31]],"date-time":"2021-08-31T21:59:45Z","timestamp":1630447185000},"page":"1115","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Efficacy of Needle-Less Intradermal Vaccination against Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"SeEun","family":"Choe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do 39660, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gyu-Nam","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do 39660, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sok","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do 39660, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jihye","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do 39660, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Van Phan","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5250-1825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Van Giap","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ki-Sun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do 39660, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hye Kwon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bang-Hun","family":"Hyun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do 39660, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5690-4039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong-Jun","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do 39660, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-012-0713-1","article-title":"Porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus: A comprehensive review of molecular epidemiology, diagnosis, and vaccines","volume":"44","author":"Song","year":"2012","journal-title":"Virus Genes"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-015-0421-2","article-title":"Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus: An emerging and re-emerging epizootic swine virus","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virol. 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