{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T19:52:58Z","timestamp":1790711578080,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":168,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,9]],"date-time":"2021-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631145600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Babesiosis is attracting increasing attention as a worldwide emerging zoonosis. The first case of human babesiosis in Europe was described in the late 1950s and since then more than 60 cases have been reported in Europe. While the disease is relatively rare in Europe, it is significant because the majority of cases present as life-threatening fulminant infections, mainly in immunocompromised patients. Although appearing clinically similar to human babesiosis elsewhere, particularly in the USA, most European forms of the disease are distinct entities, especially concerning epidemiology, human susceptibility to infection and clinical management. This paper describes the history of the disease and reviews all published cases that have occurred in Europe with regard to the identity and genetic characteristics of the etiological agents, pathogenesis, aspects of epidemiology including the eco-epidemiology of the vectors, the clinical courses of infection, diagnostic tools and clinical management and treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10091165","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,9]],"date-time":"2021-09-09T21:36:58Z","timestamp":1631223418000},"page":"1165","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":107,"title":["Human Babesiosis in Europe"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4518-3501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anke","family":"Hildebrandt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Vincenz Hospital Datteln, Department of Internal Medicine I, 45711 Datteln, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital M\u00fcnster, 48149 M\u00fcnster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5600-579X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annetta","family":"Zintl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCD School of Veterinary Sciences, University College Dublin, D04 W6F6 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3852-960X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Estrella","family":"Montero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Microbiolog\u00eda, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klaus-Peter","family":"Hunfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Microbiology & Infection Control, Northwest Medical Center, Medical Faculty Goethe University Frankfurt, Steinbacher Hohl 2-26, 60488 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"},{"name":"Society for Promoting Quality Assurance in Medical Laboratories (INSTAND, e.v.), Ubierstra\u00dfe 20, 40223 D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"},{"name":"ESGBOR Study Group of the European Society for Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases (ESCMID), ESCMID Executive Office, P.O. Box 214, 4010 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremy","family":"Gray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCD School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, D04 N2E5 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"11","article-title":"Piroplasmosis in man; report of a case","volume":"9","author":"Skrabalo","year":"1957","journal-title":"Doc. Med. Geogr. Trop."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/S0368-1742(11)80062-7","article-title":"A new species of piroplasm found in the blood of British cattle","volume":"24","author":"Stockman","year":"1911","journal-title":"Comp. Path. 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