{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T09:44:58Z","timestamp":1778579098927,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tick-borne pathogens cause infectious diseases that inflict much societal and financial hardship worldwide. Blacklegged ticks, Ixodes scapularis, are primary vectors of several epizootic and zoonotic pathogens. The aim was to find varius pathogens of I. scapularis and to determine their prevalence. In Ontario and Quebec, 113 I. scapularis ticks were collected from songbirds, mammals, including humans, and by flagging. PCR and DNA sequencing detected five different microorganisms: Anaplasma phagocytophilum, 1 (0.9%); Babesia odocoilei, 17 (15.3%); Babesia microti-like sp., 1 (0.9%); Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (Bbsl), 29 (26.1%); and Hepatozoon canis, 1 (0.9%). Five coinfections of Bbsl and Babesia odocoilei occurred. Notably, H. canis was documented for the first time in Canada and, at the same time, demonstrates the first transstadial passage of H. canis in I. scapularis. Transstadial passage of Bbsl and B. odocoilei was also witnessed. A novel undescribed piroplasm (Babesia microti-like) was detected. An established population of I. scapularis ticks was detected at Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec. Because songbirds widely disperse I. scapularis larvae and nymphs, exposure in an endemic area is not required to contract tick-borne zoonoses. Based on the diversity of zoonotic pathogens in I. scapularis ticks, clinicians need to be aware that people who are bitten by I. scapularis ticks may require select antimicrobial regimens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10101265","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,8]],"date-time":"2021-10-08T21:26:20Z","timestamp":1633728380000},"page":"1265","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Detection of Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Babesia odocoilei, Babesia sp., Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Lato, and Hepatozoon canis in Ixodes scapularis Ticks Collected in Eastern Canada"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"John D.","family":"Scott","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Upper Grand Tick Centre, 365 St. David Street South, Fergus, ON N1M 2L7, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9318-9911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Risa R.","family":"Pesapane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"},{"name":"School of Environment and Natural Resources, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3054","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.33.11.3054-3057.1995","article-title":"Coexistence of antibodies to tick-borne pathogens of babesiosis, ehrlichiosis, and Lyme borreliosis in human sera","volume":"33","author":"Magnarelli","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.34.3.724-727.1996","article-title":"Immunoserologic evidence of coinfection with Borrelia burgdorferi, Babesia microti, and human granulocytic Ehrlichia species in residents of Wisconsin and Minnesota","volume":"34","author":"Mitchell","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"265","article-title":"Lyme disease: A potential polymicrobial infection","volume":"69","author":"Stricker","year":"2003","journal-title":"ASM News"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/152.3.473","article-title":"Serological evidence for simultaneous occurrences of Lyme disease and babesiosis","volume":"152","author":"Benach","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2779","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.29.12.2779-2783.1991","article-title":"Babesia microti, human babesiosis, and Borrelia burgdorferi in Connecticut","volume":"29","author":"Anderson","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02055-19","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02055-19","article-title":"Polymicrobial nature of tick-borne diseases","volume":"10","author":"Tagliafierro","year":"2019","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Mullen, G.R., and Durden, L.A. (2019). Ticks (Ixodida). Medical and Veterinary Entomology, Academic Press. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scott, J.D., Pascoe, E.L., Sajid, M.S., and Foley, J.E. (2020). Detection of Babesia odocoilei in Ixodes scapularis ticks collected from songbirds in Ontario and Quebec, Canada. Pathogens, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9100781"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scott, J.D., Clark, K.L., Foley, J.E., Bierman, B.C., and Durden, L.A. (2018). Far-reaching dispersal of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato-infected blacklegged ticks by migratory songbirds in Canada. Healthcare, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare6030089"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-3437.1","article-title":"Migratory songbirds disperse ticks across Canada, and first isolation of the Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi, from the avian tick, Ixodes auritulus","volume":"91","author":"Morshed","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scott, J.D., Clark, K.L., Foley, J.E., Anderson, J.F., Bierman, B.C., and Durden, L.A. (2018). Extensive distribution of the Lyme disease bacterium, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, in multiple tick species parasitizing avian and mammalian hosts across Canada. Healthcare, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare6040131"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3121\/cmr.1.1.5","article-title":"Birds, migration and emerging zoonoses: West Nile virus, Lyme disease, Influenza A and enteropathogens","volume":"1","author":"Reed","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scott, J.D., Clark, K.L., Coble, N.M., and Ballantyne, T.R. (2019). Presence of Babesia odocoilei and Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto in a tick and dual parasitism of Amblyomma inornatum and Ixodes scapularis on a bird in Canada. Healthcare, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare7010046"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scott, J.D., Clark, K.L., Coble, N.M., and Ballantyne, T.R. (2019). Detection and transstadial passage of Babesia species and Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ticks collected from avian and mammalian hosts in Canada. Healthcare, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare7040155"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hersh, M.H., Ostfeld, R.S., McHenry, D.J., Tibbetts, M., Brunner, J.L., Killilea, M.E., LoGiudice, K., Schmidt, K.A., and Kessing, F. (2014). Co-infection of blacklegged ticks with Babesia microti and Borrelia burgdorferi is higher than expected and acquired from small mammal hosts. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0099348"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scott, J.D., Sajid, M.S., Pascoe, E.L., and Foley, J.E. (2021). Detection of Babesia odocoilei in humans with babesiosis symptoms. Diagnostics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11060947"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"142","article-title":"The isolation of a Babesia in white-tailed deer","volume":"4","author":"Emerson","year":"1968","journal-title":"Bull. Wildl. Dis. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"519","article-title":"Correction","volume":"6","author":"Emerson","year":"1970","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-36.3.518","article-title":"Antigenic, phenotypic and molecular characterization confirms Babesia odocoilei isolated from three cervids","volume":"36","author":"Holman","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eshoo, M.W., Carolan, H.E., Massire, C., Chou, D.M., Crowder, C.D., Rounds, M.A., Phillipson, C.A., Schutzer, S.E., and Ecker, D.J. (2015). Survey of Ixodes pacificus ticks in California reveals a diversity of microorganisms and a novel and widespread Anaplasmataceae species. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0135828"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-26.3.390","article-title":"Transmission of Babesia odocoilei in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) by Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae)","volume":"26","author":"Waldrup","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1307.070046","article-title":"Zoonotic pathogens in Ixodes scapularis, Michigan","volume":"13","author":"Hamer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/45.2.289","article-title":"Infection and co-infection rates of Anaplasma phagocytophilum variants, Babesia spp., Borrelia burgdorferi, and the rickettsial endosymbiont in Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) from sites in Indiana, Maine, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin","volume":"45","author":"Steiner","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2019.2551","article-title":"Detection of Babesia, Borrelia, Anaplasma, and Rickettsia spp. in adult black-legged ticks (Ixodes scapularis) from Pennsylvania, United States, with Luminex Multiplex Bead Assay","volume":"20","author":"Livengood","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scott, J.D., Pascoe, E.L., Sajid, M.S., and Foley, J.E. (2021). Detection of Babesia odocoilei in Ixodes scapularis ticks collected in southern Ontario, Canada. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10030327"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-25.2.194","article-title":"Serological prevalence and isolation of Babesia odocoilei among white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in Texas and Oklahoma","volume":"25","author":"Waldrup","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-21.2.149","article-title":"Babesia odocoilei Emerson and Wright, 1970 in white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmermann), in Virginia","volume":"21","author":"Perry","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2014.01.003","article-title":"Diversity of piroplasms detected in blood-fed and questing ticks from several states in the United States","volume":"5","author":"Shock","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-41.4.683","article-title":"New ruminant hosts and wider geographic range identified for Babesia odocoilei (Emerson and Wright 1970)","volume":"41","author":"Schoelkopf","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2010.130938","article-title":"Human babesiosis, Maine, USA, 1995\u20132011","volume":"20","author":"Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638713491746","article-title":"Babesia odocoilei infection in a Saskatchewan elk (Cervus elaphus canadensis) herd","volume":"25","author":"Pattullo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Horowitz, R.I. (2013). Lyme and Other Co-infections: Parasitic, Viral, and Fungal Infectivity. Why Can\u2019t I Get Better?, St. Martin\u2019s Press."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Kinderlehrer, D.A. (2021). Babesia. Recovery from Lyme disease: The Integrative Medicine Guide to Diagnosing and Treating Tick-Bore Illness, Skyhorse Publishing."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scott, J.D., Pascoe, E.L., Sajid, M.S., and Foley, J.E. (2020). Monitoring of nesting songbirds detects established population of blacklegged ticks and associated Lyme disease endemic area in Canada. Healthcare, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare8010059"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4922(02)00016-8","article-title":"Canine hepatozoonosis: Two disease syndromes caused by separate Hepatozoon spp.","volume":"19","author":"Baneth","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1997.210.07.916","article-title":"Hepatozoonosis in dogs: 22 cases (1989\u20131994)","volume":"210","author":"Macintire","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"99","article-title":"Integument and ecdysis","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Sonenshine","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biology of Ticks"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0602.000205","article-title":"Competence of American Robins as reservoir hosts for Lyme disease spirochetes","volume":"6","author":"Richter","year":"2000","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"692","article-title":"Sur l\u2019h\u00e9moglobinurie bact\u00e9rienne du boeuf","volume":"107","author":"Babes","year":"1888","journal-title":"C. R. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Smith, T., and Kilborne, F.L. (1983). Investigation into the Nature, Causation, and Prevention of Southern Cattle Fever."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"11","article-title":"Piroplasmosis in man: Report on a case","volume":"9","year":"1957","journal-title":"Doc. Med. Geogr. Trop."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schetters, T. (2019). Mechanisms involved in the persistence of Babesia canis infection in dogs. Pathogens, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens8030094"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2009.11.003","article-title":"Zoonotic babesiosis: Overview of the disease and novel aspects of pathogen identity","volume":"1","author":"Gray","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1968.17.810","article-title":"A case of babesiosis in man in the United States","volume":"17","author":"Scholtens","year":"1968","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197010152831607","article-title":"Babesiosis in a Massachusetts resident","volume":"283","author":"Western","year":"1970","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0908.020748","article-title":"Molecular characterization of a non-Babesia divergens organism causing zoonotic babesiosis in Europe","volume":"9","author":"Herwaldt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.35.2.450-454.1997","article-title":"Human babesiosis in Taiwan: Asymptomatic infection with a Babesia microti-like organism in Taiwanese woman","volume":"35","author":"Shih","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(00)00137-5","article-title":"Human babesiosis: An emerging tick-borne disease","volume":"30","author":"Kjemtrup","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-124-7-199604010-00004","article-title":"A fatal case of babesiosis in Missouri: Identification of another piroplasm that infects humans","volume":"124","author":"Herwaldt","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s40588-015-0025-z","article-title":"Human babesiosis: Pathogens, prevalence, diagnosis, and treatment","volume":"2","author":"Ord","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cur. Clin Microbiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2084","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01334-06","article-title":"First case of human babesiosis in Korea: Detection and characterization of a novel type of Babesia sp. (KO1) similar to ovine Babesia","volume":"45","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.16.4.622-636.2003","article-title":"Babesia divergens, bovine blood parasite of veterinary and zoonotic importance","volume":"16","author":"Zintl","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.15630","article-title":"Transcription-mediated amplification blood donation screening for Babesia","volume":"60","author":"Tonnetti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2211.151028","article-title":"Transmission of Babesia microti parasites by solid organ transplantation","volume":"22","author":"Brennan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(97)70143-4","article-title":"Vertically transmitted babesiosis","volume":"131","author":"New","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000195438.09628.b0","article-title":"Neonatal babesiosis: Case report and review of the literature","volume":"25","author":"Fox","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1097\/IPC.0b013e31825b20c1","article-title":"Vertical transmission of babesiosis from a pregnant, splenectomized mother to her neonate","volume":"20","author":"Cornett","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2018.12.044","article-title":"Congenital babesiosis from maternal exposure: A case report","volume":"56","author":"Iyer","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"50","article-title":"Culture positive seronegative transplacental Lyme borreliosis infect morality","volume":"30","author":"Lavoie","year":"1987","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"189","article-title":"Human fetal borreliosis, toxemia of pregnancy, and fetal death","volume":"263","author":"MacDonald","year":"1986","journal-title":"Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Mikrobiol. Hyg. A."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"677","article-title":"Neonatal skin lesions due to spirochetal infection; A case of congenital Lyme borreliosis?","volume":"36","author":"Trevisan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Horowitz, R.I. (2003, January 7\u20138). Lyme disease and pregnancy: Implication of chronic infection, PCR testing, and prenatal treatment. In Proceeding of the 16th International Scientific Conference on Lyme Disease & Other Tick-Borne Disorders, Hartford, CT, USA."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Remington, J.S., and Klein, J.O. (2001). Lyme disease. Infectious Diseases of the Fetus and Newborn Infant, W.B. Sanders Company. [5th ed.]. Chapter 11."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjv237","article-title":"Country-scale distribution of Ixodes scapularis and Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae) in the continental United States","volume":"53","author":"Eisen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00134","article-title":"Babesia species of domestic cats: Molecular characterization has opened Pandora\u2019s box","volume":"7","author":"Penzhorn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/15.suppl2.1","article-title":"The genus Ixodes in the United States: A scanning electron microscope study and key to the adults","volume":"15","author":"Keirans","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/33.3.297","article-title":"Ixodes (Ixodes) scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae): Redescription of all active stages, distribution, hosts, geographical variation, and medical and veterinary importance","volume":"33","author":"Keirans","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Durden, L.A., and Keirans, J.E. (1996). Nymphs of the Genus Ixodes (Acari: Ixodidae) of the United States: Taxonomy, Identification Key, Distribution, Hosts, and Medical Veterinary Importance, Monographs, Thomas Say Publications in Entomology, Entomological Society of America.","DOI":"10.4182\/MAMR9602"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0878","article-title":"Unbiased assessment of abundance of Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato ticks, canine exposure to spotted fever group Rickettsia, risk factor in Mexicali, M\u00e9xico","volume":"101","author":"Foley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.09-0208","article-title":"Niche partitioning of Borrelia burgdorferi and Borrelia miyamotoi in the same tick vector and mammalian reservoir species","volume":"8","author":"Barbour","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2006.6.83","article-title":"Use of real-time quantitative PCR targeting the msp2 protein gene to identify cryptic Anaplasma phagocytophilum infections in wildlife and domestic animals","volume":"6","author":"Drazenovich","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10034","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.21.10034","article-title":"Phylogeny of hard- and soft-tick taxa (Acari: Ixodidae) based on mitochondrial 16S rDNA sequences","volume":"91","author":"Black","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1645\/0022-3395(2001)087[0032:AOTSRA]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Analysis of the systematic relationships among ticks of the genera Rhipicephalus and Boophilus (Acari: Ixodidae) based on mitochondrial 12 ribosomal DNA gene sequences and morphological characters","volume":"87","author":"Beati","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/10\/10\/1265\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:08:23Z","timestamp":1760166503000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/10\/10\/1265"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens10101265"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens10101265","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]]}}}