{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:23:22Z","timestamp":1760235802135,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study utilized modeling and simulation to examine the effectiveness of current and potential future COVID-19 response interventions in the West African countries of Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone. A comparison between simulations can highlight which interventions could have an effect on the pandemic in these countries. An extended compartmental model was used to run simulations incorporating multiple vaccination strategies and non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs). In addition to the customary categories of susceptible, exposed, infected, and recovered (SEIR) compartments, this COVID-19 model incorporated early and late disease states, isolation, treatment, and death. Lessons learned from the 2014\u20132016 Ebola virus disease outbreak\u2014especially the optimization of each country\u2019s resource allocation\u2014were incorporated in the presented models. For each country, models were calibrated to an estimated number of infections based on actual reported cases and deaths. Simulations were run to test the potential future effects of vaccination and NPIs. Multiple levels of vaccination were considered, based on announced vaccine allocation plans and notional scenarios. Increased vaccination combined with NPI mitigation strategies resulted in thousands of fewer COVID-19 infections in each country. This study demonstrates the importance of increased vaccinations. The levels of vaccination in this study would require substantial increases in vaccination supplies obtained through national purchases or international aid. While this study does not aim to develop a model that predicts the future, it can provide useful information for decision-makers in low- and middle-income nations. Such information can be used to prioritize and optimize limited available resources for targeted interventions that will have the greatest impact on COVID-19 pandemic response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10101266","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,8]],"date-time":"2021-10-08T21:26:20Z","timestamp":1633728380000},"page":"1266","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Coronavirus Disease 2019 on the Heels of Ebola Virus Disease in West Africa"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Zygmunt F.","family":"Dembek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Battelle Memorial Institute, Support to DTRA Technical Reachback, Columbus, OH 43201, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5000-0370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kierstyn T.","family":"Schwartz-Watjen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Research Associates (ARA), Support to DTRA Technical Reachback, Albuquerque, NM 87110, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna L.","family":"Swiatecka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Battelle Memorial Institute, Support to DTRA Technical Reachback, Columbus, OH 43201, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katherine M.","family":"Broadway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Defense Sciences, Inc. (DSI), Support to DTRA Technical Reachback, San Antonio, TX 78230, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven J.","family":"Hadeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Battelle Memorial Institute, Support to DTRA Technical Reachback, Columbus, OH 43201, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jerry L.","family":"Mothershead","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Research Associates (ARA), Support to DTRA Technical Reachback, Albuquerque, NM 87110, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tesema","family":"Chekol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Battelle Memorial Institute, Support to DTRA Technical Reachback, Columbus, OH 43201, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akeisha N.","family":"Owens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA), Fort Belvoir, VA 22060, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aiguo","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA), Fort Belvoir, VA 22060, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100093","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2019.100093","article-title":"Assessing Health Systems in Guinea for Prevention and Control of Priority Zoonotic Diseases: A One Health Approach","volume":"7","author":"Standley","year":"2019","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2021, June 15). 2014\u20132016 Ebola Outbreak in West Africa, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/vhf\/ebola\/history\/2014-2016-outbreak\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Salaam-Blyther, T. 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