{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T19:39:31Z","timestamp":1776109171608,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,6]],"date-time":"2021-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633478400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP26462866, JP19K22644, JP19H02920, JP20K09943, JP20H03861"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP26462866, JP19K22644, JP19H02920, JP20K09943, JP20H03861"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["40105500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["40105500"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017103","name":"Urakami Foundation for Food and Food Culture Promotion","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017103","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Periodontal disease has become a serious public health problem, as indicated by accumulating evidence that periodontal disease is not only a major cause of tooth loss but is also associated with various systemic diseases. The present study assessed the anti-bacterial activities of three herbal products (curry leaf, clove, and cinnamon) against Porphyomonas gingivalis, a keystone pathogen for periodontal diseases. The curry leaf extract (CLE) showed the strongest growth inhibitory activity among them, and the activity was maintained even after extensive heat treatment. Of note, while clove and cinnamon extracts at sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations (sub-MICs) significantly enhanced the biofilm formation of P. gingivalis, CLE at sub-MIC did not have any effect on the biofilm formation. The MIC of CLE against P. gingivalis was higher than those against a wide range of other oral bacterial species. P. gingivalis cells were completely killed within 30 min after treatment with CLE. Spatiotemporal analysis using high-speed atomic force microscopy revealed that CLE immediately triggered aberrant membrane vesicle formation on the bacterial surface. Bacterial membrane potential assay revealed that CLE induced depolarization of the bacterial membrane. Taken together, these findings suggest the mechanism behind early bactericidal activity of CLE and its therapeutic applicability in patients with periodontal diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10101286","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,8]],"date-time":"2021-10-08T21:26:20Z","timestamp":1633728380000},"page":"1286","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Curry Leaf Triggers Cell Death of P. gingivalis with Membrane Blebbing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4802-8518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryoma","family":"Nakao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tsuyoshi","family":"Ikeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Soichi","family":"Furukawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Bioresource Science, Nihon University, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yasushi","family":"Morinaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Bioresource Science, Nihon University, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12344","article-title":"Clinical and public health implications of periodontal and systemic diseases: An overview","volume":"83","author":"Genco","year":"2020","journal-title":"Periodontology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lamont, R.J., Hajishengallis, G.N., and Jenkinson, H.F. 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