{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T14:09:39Z","timestamp":1791468579137,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,21]],"date-time":"2021-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634774400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In 2021 the scientific community\u2019s efforts have been focused on solving the back-breaking challenge of the COVID-19 pandemic, but sexually transmitted infections (STI) are still one of the most common global health problems. Syphilis is a systemic disease caused by the spirochaete Treponema pallidum (TP) and is one of the oldest known diseases. Its incidence has increased in the last few years and syphilis still remains a contemporary plague that continues to afflict millions of people worldwide. Despite research improvements, syphilis pathogenesis is not completely clear; clinical presentation is very heterogeneous and the diagnosis can sometimes be difficult. Furthermore, few therapeutic options are available, and a vaccine has not been found yet. In this review, we describe the most recent evidence concerning the clinical manifestation, diagnosis, treatment and vaccine prospectives for this disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10111364","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,21]],"date-time":"2021-10-21T23:27:39Z","timestamp":1634858859000},"page":"1364","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["A 2021 Update on Syphilis: Taking Stock from Pathogenesis to Vaccines"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Giorgio","family":"Tiecco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, ASST Spedali di Brescia, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melania","family":"Degli Antoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, ASST Spedali di Brescia, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuele","family":"Storti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, ASST Spedali di Brescia, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5221-1614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Marchese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, ASST Spedali di Brescia, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4395-5379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanuele","family":"Foc\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, ASST Spedali di Brescia, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7631-5453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlo","family":"Torti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious and Tropical Disease Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, \u201cMagna Graecia\u201d University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Castelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, ASST Spedali di Brescia, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1452-9100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eugenia","family":"Quiros-Roldan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, ASST Spedali di Brescia, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S80","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000842","article-title":"Syphilis Elimination: Lessons Learned Again","volume":"45","author":"Valentine","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sex. 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