{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T22:29:41Z","timestamp":1791325781332,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":183,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,6]],"date-time":"2021-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636156800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Llura A. Gund Laboratory for Vector-borne Diseases and the Gordon and Llura Gund Foundation","award":["4-2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4-2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Babesiosis is an emerging tick-borne disease caused by intraerythrocytic protozoa that are primarily transmitted by hard-bodied (ixodid) ticks and rarely through blood transfusion, perinatally, and organ transplantation. More than 100 Babesia species infect a wide spectrum of wild and domestic animals worldwide and six have been identified as human pathogens. Babesia microti is the predominant species that infects humans, is found throughout the world, and causes endemic disease in the United States and China. Babesia venatorum and Babesia crassa-like agent also cause endemic disease in China. Babesia divergens is the predominant species in Europe where fulminant cases have been reported sporadically. The number of B. microti infections has been increasing globally in recent decades. In the United States, more than 2000 cases are reported each year, although the actual number is thought to be much higher. In this review of the epidemiology of human babesiosis, we discuss epidemiologic tools used to monitor disease location and frequency; demographics and modes of transmission; the location of human babesiosis; the causative Babesia species in the Americas, Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia; the primary clinical characteristics associated with each of these infections; and the increasing global health burden of this disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10111447","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,7]],"date-time":"2021-11-07T20:42:54Z","timestamp":1636317774000},"page":"1447","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":154,"title":["The Global Emergence of Human Babesiosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Abhinav","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health and Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2909-8200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jane","family":"O\u2019Bryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA"},{"name":"Frank H. Netter MD School of Medicine, Quinnipiac University, North Haven, CT 06473, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Krause","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health and Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2397","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1202018","article-title":"Human babesiosis","volume":"366","author":"Vannier","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hildebrandt, A., Zintl, A., Montero, E., Hunfeld, K.P., and Gray, J. (2021). Human babesiosis in Europe. 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