{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T02:55:18Z","timestamp":1782183318470,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,12]],"date-time":"2021-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636675200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Several species of avian schistosomes are known to cause dermatitis in humans worldwide. In Europe, this applies above all to species of the genus Trichobilharzia. For Austria, a lot of data are available on cercarial dermatitis and on the occurrence of Trichobilharzia, yet species identification of trematodes in most cases is doubtful due to the challenging morphological determination of cercariae. During a survey of trematodes in freshwater snails, we were able to detect a species in the snail Physella acuta (Draparnaud, 1805) hitherto unknown for Austria, Trichobilharzia physellae; this is also the first time this species has been reported in Europe. Species identification was performed by integrative taxonomy combining morphological investigations with molecular genetic analyses. The results show a very close relationship between the parasite found in Austria and North American specimens (similarity found in CO1 \u226599.57%). Therefore, a recent introduction of T. physellae into Europe can be assumed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10111473","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,12]],"date-time":"2021-11-12T08:10:22Z","timestamp":1636704622000},"page":"1473","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["First Record of Trichobilharzia physellae (Talbot, 1936) in Europe, a Possible Causative Agent of Cercarial Dermatitis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8064-2155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolaus","family":"Helmer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Research Laboratories, Natural History Museum Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hubert","family":"Blatterer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Water Management, Office of the State Government of Upper Austria, 4020 Linz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8208-0758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph","family":"H\u00f6rweg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3rd Zoological Department, Natural History Museum Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6839-7137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susanne","family":"Reier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Research Laboratories, Natural History Museum Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"1st Zoological Department, Natural History Museum Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4996-5105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helmut","family":"Sattmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3rd Zoological Department, Natural History Museum Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Schindelar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Research Laboratories, Natural History Museum Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8945-5153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolaus U.","family":"Szucsich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Research Laboratories, Natural History Museum Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5411-1879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Haring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Research Laboratories, Natural History Museum Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Kearn, G.C. (1998). Parasitism and the Platyhelminths, Chapman & Hall."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Jamieson, B.G.M. (2017). Schistosoma: Biology, Pathology, and Control, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00043-14","article-title":"Avian schistosomes and outbreaks of cercarial dermatitis","volume":"28","author":"Brant","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"779","article-title":"Snails, waterfowl and cercarial dermatitis","volume":"56","year":"2010","journal-title":"Freshw. Biol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1007\/s10354-014-0316-7","article-title":"Helminths and helminthoses in Central Europe: General overview and diseases caused by trematodes (flukes)","volume":"164","author":"Auer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Wien. Med. Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/S0399-077X(01)00297-9","article-title":"Histopathologie pulmonaire d\u2019un mod\u00e8le mammif\u00e8re et dermatite cercarienne humaine","volume":"31","author":"Martins","year":"2001","journal-title":"M\u00e9d. Mal. Infect."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3049","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-016-5060-z","article-title":"The real threat of swimmers\u2019 itch in anthropogenic recreational water body of the Polish Lowland","volume":"115","author":"Marszewska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3881","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-018-6095-0","article-title":"Cercarial dermatitis: A systematic follow-up study of human cases with implications for diagnostics","volume":"117","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/761968","article-title":"Pathogenicity of Trichobilharzia spp. for Vertebrates","volume":"2012","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2012.12.002","article-title":"Swimmer\u2019s itch: Etiology, impact, and risk factors in Europe","volume":"29","author":"Selbach","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(02)52012-1","article-title":"Biology of the schistosome genus Trichobilharzia","volume":"52","author":"Adema","year":"2002","journal-title":"Adv. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.14411\/fp.2007.013","article-title":"The occurrence of the avian schistosome Allobilharzia visceralis Kolarova, Rudolfova, Hampl et Skirnisson, 2006 (Schistosomatidae) in the tundra swan, Cygnus columbianus (Anatidae), from North America","volume":"54","author":"Brant","year":"2007","journal-title":"Folia Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.06.004","article-title":"Discovery-based studies of schistosome diversity stimulate new hypotheses about parasite biology","volume":"29","author":"Brant","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.3670.2.5","article-title":"Anserobilharzia gen. n. (Digenea, Schistosomatidae) and redescription of A. brantae (Farr & Blankemeyer, 1956) comb. n. (syn. Trichobilharzia brantae), a parasite of geese (Anseriformes)","volume":"3670","author":"Brant","year":"2013","journal-title":"Zootaxa"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2010.08.001","article-title":"Molecular diversity of Trichobilharzia franki in two intermediate hosts (Radix auricularia and Radix peregra): A complex of species","volume":"10","author":"Jouet","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-015-4830-3","article-title":"Molecular diversity of avian schistosomes in Danish freshwater snails","volume":"115","author":"Christiansen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"457","article-title":"Zerkariendermatitis in \u00d6sterreich\u2013R\u00fcckblick und Perspektiven","volume":"13","author":"Sattmann","year":"2004","journal-title":"Denisia"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-006-0674-2","article-title":"Cercarial dermatitis in Austria: Questionnaires as useful tools to estimate risk factors?","volume":"118","author":"Sattmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Wien. Klin. Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"73","article-title":"Experimenteller Nachweis einer von Cercarien verursachten Dermatitis am Neusiedler See","volume":"179","author":"Graefe","year":"1971","journal-title":"Sitz. Akad. Wiss. Math. Klasse. Abt. 1"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"398","article-title":"Auftreten von Bade-Dermatitis in \u00d6sterreich und M\u00f6glichkeiten ihrer Bek\u00e4mpfung","volume":"225","author":"Graefe","year":"1973","journal-title":"Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Orig. A."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"69","article-title":"Bird schistosomes from freshwater snails in Austria, with some notes on current problems (Digenea, Schistosomatidae)","volume":"21","author":"Sattmann","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mitt. \u00d6sterr. Ges. Tropenmed. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4135","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-020-06938-3","article-title":"First confirmed record of Trichobilharzia franki M\u00fcller & Kimmig, 1994, from Radix auricularia (Linnaeus, 1758) for Austria","volume":"119","author":"Reier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"13","article-title":"Molecular validation of species determination of larval trematodes from freshwater snail hosts in Austria, with special emphasis on the genus Trichobilharzia Skrjabin & Zakharow, 1920","volume":"8","author":"Gaub","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arianta"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"321","article-title":"\u201cVogelbilharzien\u201d als Erreger einer Hautkrankheit: Die Zerkarien-Dermatitis","volume":"6","author":"Auer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Denisia"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.4002\/040.059.0213","article-title":"Physa acuta Draparnaud, 1805 should be treated as a native of North America, not Europe","volume":"59","author":"Lydeard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Malacologia"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1007\/s10530-016-1339-3","article-title":"The history of an invasion: Phases of the explosive spread of the physid snail Physella acuta through Europe, Transcaucasia and Central Asia","volume":"19","author":"Vinarski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol. Invasions"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ebbs, E.T., Loker, E.S., and Brant, S.V. (2018). Phylogeography and genetics of the globally invasive snail Physa acuta Draparnaud 1805, and its potential to serve as an intermediate host to larval digenetic trematodes. BMC Evol. Biol., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12862-018-1208-z"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.2989\/16085914.2003.9626602","article-title":"Alien and invasive fresh water Gastropoda in South Africa","volume":"28","author":"Appleton","year":"2003","journal-title":"Afr. J. Aquat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Helmer, N., Haring, E., H\u00f6rweg, C., Sattmann, H., and Szucsich, N. (2021, September 01). Sensitivit\u00e4t des eDNA-Nachweises von Zerkariendermatitis- Erregern in ober\u00f6sterreichischen Gew\u00e4ssern; Wien. Available online: https:\/\/www.land-oberoesterreich.gv.at\/Mediendateien\/Formulare\/DokumenteUWDAbt_WW\/ProjektberichtZerkarieneDNA2020-v2.pdf."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a118224","article-title":"Studies on schistosome dermatitis: II. Morphological and life history studies on three dermatitis-producing schis-tosome cercariae, C. elvae Miller, 1923, C. stagnicolae n. sp., and C. physellae n. sp.","volume":"23","author":"Talbot","year":"1936","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"604","article-title":"Studies on Trichobilharzia physellae in Oki Islands. 2. Four kinds of schistosome cercariae parasitic in Lymnaea japonica in Oki Island","volume":"9","author":"Tanaka","year":"1960","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-18.1.69","article-title":"Trichobilharzia physellae (Digenea: Schistosomatidae) from endemic waterfowl on the high plains of texas","volume":"18","author":"Pence","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s10592-014-0645-5","article-title":"Recognition of a highly restricted freshwater snail lineage (Physidae: Physella) in southeastern Oregon: Convergent evolution, historical context, and conservation considerations","volume":"16","author":"Moore","year":"2014","journal-title":"Conserv. Genet."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-1870.1","article-title":"Molecular systematics of the avian schistosome genus Trichobilharzia (Trematoda: Schistosomatidae) in North America","volume":"95","author":"Brant","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2014.06.002","article-title":"Physa marmorata (Mollusca: Physidae) as a natural intermediate host of Trichobilharzia (Trematoda: Schistosomatidae), a potential causative agent of avian cercarial dermatitis in Brazil","volume":"138","author":"Pinto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3867","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-016-5152-9","article-title":"A comprehensive survey of larval digenean trematodes and their snail hosts in central Alberta, Canada","volume":"115","author":"Gordy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2019.04.006","article-title":"Species-specific qPCR assays allow for high-resolution population assessment of four species avian schistosome that cause swimmer\u2019s itch in recreational lakes","volume":"9","author":"Rudko","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Parasit. Wildl."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"744","article-title":"Studies on the fine structure of cercariae of Trichobilharzia physellae (Talbot 1936) and Trichobilharzia ocellata (La-Valette 1855)","volume":"9","author":"Misaki","year":"1960","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"596","article-title":"Studies on Trichobilharzia physellae in Oki Island. 1. Trichobilharzia physellae found in wild ducks in Oki Island","volume":"9","author":"Tanaka","year":"1960","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"320","article-title":"The Occurrence of Trichobilharzia physellae in India","volume":"31","author":"Dutt","year":"1965","journal-title":"Sci. Cult."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00049237","article-title":"The life-cycle and morphology of Trichobilharzia australis n. sp. (Digenea: Schistosomatidae) from the nasal blood vessels of the black duck (Anas superciliosa) in Australia, with a review of the genus Trichobilharzia","volume":"5","author":"Blair","year":"1983","journal-title":"Syst. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"28","article-title":"Cercarial dimensions and surface structures as a tool for species determination of Trichobilharzia spp.","volume":"54","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1093\/mollus\/eym021","article-title":"A molecular phylogeny of Physidae (Gastropoda: Basommatophora) based on mitochondrial DNA sequences","volume":"73","author":"Wethington","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Molluscan Stud."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-277","article-title":"Identification of a major causative agent of human cercarial dermatitis, Trichobilharzia franki (M\u00fcller and Kimmig 1994), in southern England and its evolutionary relationships with other European populations","volume":"7","author":"Lawton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2016.04.009","article-title":"Schistosomes with wings: How host phylogeny and ecology shape the global distribution of Trichobilharzia querquedulae (Schistosomatidae)","volume":"46","author":"Ebbs","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1134\/S1022795410070136","article-title":"Polymorphism of the cox1 gene in cercariae isolates of bird schistosomes (Trematoda: Schistosomatidae) from ponds of Moscow and Moscow region","volume":"46","author":"Lopatkin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Russ. J. Genet."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-011-2562-6","article-title":"Genetic differentiation of cercariae infrapopulations of the avian schistosome Trichobilharzia szidati based on RAPD markers and mitochondrial cox1 gene","volume":"110","author":"Korsunenko","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3757","DOI":"10.1007\/s10530-010-9768-x","article-title":"The freshwater aquarium trade as a vector for incidental invertebrate fauna","volume":"12","author":"Duggan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol. Invasions"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3027","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-294X.2003.01972.x","article-title":"A molecular phylogeography approach to biological invasions of the New World by parthenogenetic Thiarid snails","volume":"12","author":"Facon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.2799.1.2","article-title":"A checklist of trematodes (Platyhelminthes) transmitted by Melanoides tuberculata (Mollusca: Thiaridae)","volume":"2799","author":"Pinto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Zootaxa"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1645\/0022-3395(2003)089[0458:EOSSAA]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Effects of snail size and age on the prevalence and intensity of avian schistosome infection: Relating laboratory to field studies","volume":"89","author":"Graham","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"(2021, August 11). DAK Seltene V\u00f6gel in Deutschland 2013. Available online: https:\/\/www.dda-web.de\/downloads\/publications\/statusreports\/svid_2013_seltenheitenbericht.pdf."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"241","article-title":"Seltene Vogelarten und ungew\u00f6hnliche Vogelbeobachtungen in der Schweiz im Jahre 2018. Der Ornithol","volume":"116","author":"Maumary","year":"2019","journal-title":"Beobachter"},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"13","article-title":"Records of rare and remarkable bird species in Austria 2007\u20132009. Sixth report of the Avifaunistic Commission of BirdLife Austria","volume":"52","author":"Ranner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Egretta"},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"145","article-title":"The 6th Report of the Slovak Rarities Committee","volume":"18","year":"2006","journal-title":"Tichodroma"},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"(2021, August 11). MME Nomenclator Committee MME Nomenclator Committee Annual Report 2014 on the Occurrence of Rare Bird Species in Hungary. Available online: http:\/\/www.birding.hu\/doc\/NB2014.pdf."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"45","article-title":"Commissione Ornitologica Italiana (COI)\u2014Report 27","volume":"42","author":"Fracasso","year":"2018","journal-title":"Avocetta"},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"(2021, August 11). DAK Seltene V\u00f6gel in Deutschland 2017. Available online: https:\/\/www.dda-web.de\/downloads\/publications\/statusreports\/svid_2017_seltenheitenbericht.pdf."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"312","article-title":"Seltene Vogelarten und ungew\u00f6hnliche Vogelbeobachtungen in der Schweiz im Jahre 2019","volume":"117","author":"Marques","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ornithol. Beob."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"93","article-title":"FK \u010cso Rare birds in the Czech Republic in 2019","volume":"56","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sylvia"},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"60","article-title":"The Goosander Mergus merganser population breeding in the Alps and its connections to the rest of Europe","volume":"special issue 2","author":"Keller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Wildfowl"},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"3","article-title":"The goosander (Mergus merganser) in Upper-Austria\u2013Breeding population in 2016\/2017 and wintering population 1996\u20132016","volume":"27","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vogelkdl. Nachr. aus Ober\u00f6sterr. Nat. Aktuell"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182002002792","article-title":"The phylogeny of the Schistosomatidae based on three genes with emphasis on the interrelationships of Schistosoma Weinland, 1858","volume":"126","author":"Lockyer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.5817\/MaB2017-16-37","article-title":"First record of Trochulus clandestinus (Hartmann, 1821) in Austria (Gastropoda: Eupulmonata: Hygromiidae)","volume":"16","author":"Duda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Malacol. Bohemoslov."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"1","article-title":"GeneDoc: A tool for editing and annotating multiple sequence alignments","volume":"4","author":"Nicholas","year":"1997","journal-title":"Embnet. News"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msy096","article-title":"MEGA X: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis across computing platforms","volume":"35","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbx108","article-title":"MAFFT online service: Multiple sequence alignment, interactive sequence choice and visualization","volume":"20","author":"Katoh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brief. Bioinform."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msx281","article-title":"UFBoot2: Improving the Ultrafast Bootstrap Approximation","volume":"35","author":"Hoang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.4285","article-title":"ModelFinder: Fast model selection for accurate phylogenetic estimates","volume":"14","author":"Kalyaanamoorthy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msaa015","article-title":"IQ-TREE 2: New models and efficient methods for phylogenetic inference in the genomic era","volume":"37","author":"Minh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/syw037","article-title":"Terrace aware data structure for phylogenomic inference from supermatrices","volume":"65","author":"Chernomor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Syst. Biol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/sys029","article-title":"MrBayes 3.2: Efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space","volume":"61","author":"Ronquist","year":"2012","journal-title":"Syst. Biol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W293","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkab301","article-title":"Interactive Tree of Life (iTOL) v5: An online tool for phylogenetic tree display and annotation","volume":"49","author":"Letunic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026036","article-title":"Median-joining networks for inferring intraspecific phylogenies","volume":"16","author":"Bandelt","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3299","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msx248","article-title":"DnaSP 6: DNA sequence polymorphism analysis of large data sets","volume":"34","author":"Rozas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"Brant, S.V. Personal communication."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2015.06.012","article-title":"Trichobilharzia anseri n. sp. (Schistosomatidae: Digenea), a new visceral species of avian schistosomes isolated from greylag goose (Anser anser L.) in Iceland and France","volume":"34","author":"Jouet","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1134\/S1607672909050123","article-title":"Genetic variability of bird schistosomes (class Trematoda, family Schistosomatidae) of Naroch Lake: Identification of a new species in the Trichobilharzia ocellata group","volume":"428","author":"Chrisanfova","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dokl. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2013.03.002","article-title":"Trichobilharzia mergi sp. nov. (Trematoda: Digenea: Schistosomatidae), a visceral schistosome of Mergus serrator (L.) (Aves: Anatidae)","volume":"62","author":"Jouet","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-1072R.1","article-title":"The complete mitochondrial genome of the bird schistosome Trichobilharzia regenti (Platyhelminthes: Digenea), causative agent of cercarial dermatitis","volume":"93","author":"Webster","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-010-1953-4","article-title":"Final hosts and variability of Trichobilharzia regenti under natural conditions","volume":"107","author":"Jouet","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1080\/23802359.2017.1347833","article-title":"The complete mitochondrial genome of the causative agent of the human cercarial dermatitis, the visceral bird schistosome species Trichobilharzia szidati (platyhelminthes: Trematoda: Schistosomatidae)","volume":"2","author":"Semyenova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mitochondrial DNA Part B"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chrisanfova, G., Mozharovskaya, L., Zhukova, T., Nefedova, D., and Semyenova, S. (2021). Non-coding Regions of mitochondrial DNA and the cox1 gene reveal genetic variability among local Belarusian populations of the causative agent of cercarial dermatitis, bird schistosome Trichobilharzia szidati (Digenea: Schistosomatidae). Acta Parasitol., 1\u201311.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11686-021-00371-x"}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/10\/11\/1473\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:29:12Z","timestamp":1760167752000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/10\/11\/1473"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,12]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens10111473"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens10111473","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,12]]}}}