{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T18:58:08Z","timestamp":1792090688463,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":232,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]],"date-time":"2021-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637280000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Salmonellosis is a common infection in poultry, which results in huge economic losses in the poultry industry. At the same time, Salmonella infections are a threat to public health, since contaminated poultry products can lead to zoonotic infections. Antibiotics as feed additives have proven to be an effective prophylactic option to control Salmonella infections, but due to resistance issues in humans and animals, the use of antimicrobials in food animals has been banned in Europe. Hence, there is an urgent need to look for alternative strategies that can protect poultry against Salmonella infections. One such alternative could be to strengthen the innate immune system in young chickens in order to prevent early life infections. This can be achieved by administration of immune modulating molecules that target innate immune cells, for example via feed, or by in-ovo applications. We aimed to review the innate immune system in the chicken intestine; the main site of Salmonella entrance, and its responsiveness to Salmonella infection. Identifying the most important players in the innate immune response in the intestine is a first step in designing targeted approaches for immune modulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10111512","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,21]],"date-time":"2021-11-21T21:00:50Z","timestamp":1637528450000},"page":"1512","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["The Interplay between Salmonella and Intestinal Innate Immune Cells in Chickens"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2962-8224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adil","family":"Ijaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9133-7965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edwin J. A.","family":"Veldhuizen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9343-0111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Femke","family":"Broere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6171-1805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor P. M. G.","family":"Rutten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0110, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0740-0835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christine A.","family":"Jansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, De Elst 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00432","article-title":"Salmonella populations inside host cells","volume":"7","author":"Castanheira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.19.2.1222","article-title":"Fowl typhoid and pullorum disease","volume":"19","author":"Shivaprasad","year":"2000","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Tech. (Int. Off. Epizoot.)"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Snoeyenbos, G. (1991). Pullorum disease. Diseases of Poultry, Iowa State University Press."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.2307\/1590357","article-title":"The susceptibility of chicks to Salmonella montevideo in artificially contaminated poultry feed","volume":"28","author":"Schleifer","year":"1984","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Blankenship, L.C. (1991). Environmental Factors Contributing to Salmonella Colonization of Chickens. Colonization Control of Human Bacterial Enteropathogens in Poultry, Academic Press, Inc."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"e06406","article-title":"The European Union One Health 2019 Zoonoses Report","volume":"19","author":"Authority","year":"2021","journal-title":"Efsa J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chimalizeni, Y., Kawaza, K., and Molyneux, E. (2010). The epidemiology and management of non typhoidal salmonella infections. Hot Topics in Infection and Immunity in Children VI, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-0981-7_3"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2013.01.010","article-title":"Nontyphoid Salmonella infection: Microbiology, clinical features, and antimicrobial therapy","volume":"54","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatrics Neonatol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1080\/1040841X.2017.1373062","article-title":"Alternatives to antibiotics in poultry feed: Molecular perspectives","volume":"44","author":"Suresh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2010.03.008","article-title":"Early host responses to avian influenza A virus are prolonged and enhanced at transcriptional level depending on maturation of the immune system","volume":"47","author":"Reemers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Meijerink, N. (2021). Improving Health of Broiler Chickens by Early Life Modulation of Immune Responsiveness and Intestinal Microbiota: Recruiting Natural Killer Cells for Increased Resistance, Utrecht University."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2172-4-5","article-title":"Genetic control of the innate immune response","volume":"4","author":"Wells","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMC Immunol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hofmann, T., Schmucker, S.S., Bessei, W., Grashorn, M., and Stefanski, V. (2020). Impact of housing environment on the immune system in chickens: A review. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10071138"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.3382\/japr.2014-00937","article-title":"Function of the digestive system","volume":"23","author":"Svihus","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Poult. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.68.1.124-137.2002","article-title":"16S rRNA-based analysis of microbiota from the cecum of broiler chickens","volume":"68","author":"Zhu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-3472(70)90006-0","article-title":"The role of the crop in the feeding behaviour of the domestic chicken","volume":"18","author":"Richardson","year":"1970","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1942","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2014-03974","article-title":"Spatial heterogeneity and stability of bacterial community in the gastrointestinal tracts of broiler chickens","volume":"93","author":"Choi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4301","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-014-5646-2","article-title":"Microbiota of the chicken gastrointestinal tract: Influence on health, productivity and disease","volume":"98","author":"Stanley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1071\/AN12426","article-title":"Identification of differential duodenal gene expression levels and microbiota abundance correlated with differences in energy utilisation in chickens","volume":"53","author":"Konsak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anim. Prod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"93","article-title":"The avian cecum: A review","volume":"107","author":"Clench","year":"1995","journal-title":"Wilson Bull."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6941.2006.00193.x","article-title":"16S rRNA gene-based analysis of mucosa-associated bacterial community and phylogeny in the chicken gastrointestinal tracts: From crops to ceca","volume":"59","author":"Gong","year":"2007","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1080\/00071660802004890","article-title":"Effects of different feed additives alone or in combination on broiler performance, gut microflora and ileal histology","volume":"49","author":"Owens","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.mi.31.100177.000543","article-title":"Microbial ecology of the gastrointestinal tract","volume":"31","author":"Savage","year":"1977","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gaskins, H.R. (2000). Intestinal bacteria and their influence on swine growth. Swine Nutrition, CRC Press. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420041842.ch26"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1079\/WPS20040017","article-title":"Characteristics of the gastrointestinal microbial communities, with special reference to the chicken","volume":"60","author":"Apajalahti","year":"2004","journal-title":"World\u2019s Poult. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02628-12","article-title":"Influence of Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis infection on the development of the cecum microbiota in newly hatched chicks","volume":"79","author":"Juricova","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00957","article-title":"Composition of gut microbiota influences resistance of newly hatched chickens to Salmonella Enteritidis infection","volume":"7","author":"Varmuzova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2010-01153","article-title":"Aging transition of the bacterial community structure in the chick ceca","volume":"90","author":"Tanikawa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stanley, D., Geier, M.S., Hughes, R.J., Denman, S.E., and Moore, R.J. (2013). Highly variable microbiota development in the chicken gastrointestinal tract. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0084290"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2015.00061","article-title":"Salmonella enterica serovars Enteritidis infection alters the indigenous microbiota diversity in young layer chicks","volume":"2","author":"Mon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Awad, W.A., Hess, C., and Hess, M. (2017). Enteric pathogens and their toxin-induced disruption of the intestinal barrier through alteration of tight junctions in chickens. Toxins, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins9020060"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.88","article-title":"Immunological aspects of intestinal mucus and mucins","volume":"16","author":"Johansson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cocis.2005.11.001","article-title":"Mucin structure, aggregation, physiological functions and biomedical applications","volume":"11","author":"Bansil","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/0008-6215(88)80104-6","article-title":"Mucus glycoprotein gels. Role of glycoprotein polymeric structure and carbohydrate side-chains in gel-formation","volume":"178","author":"Sellers","year":"1988","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(77)90644-5","article-title":"Immunoglobulins, proteinase inhibitors, albumin, and lysozyme in human cervical mucus: I. Communication: Hormonal profiles and cervical mucus changes\u2014Methods and results","volume":"129","author":"Schumacher","year":"1977","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23216","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)50079-X","article-title":"Paneth cells of the human small intestine express an antimicrobial peptide gene","volume":"267","author":"Jones","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12729","article-title":"Antibacterial membrane attack by a pore-forming intestinal C-type lectin","volume":"505","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allen, A., Bell, A., Mantle, M., and Pearson, J.P. (1982). The structure and physiology of gastrointestinal mucus. Mucus Health and Disease II, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-9254-9_15"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-7-197","article-title":"An inventory of mucin genes in the chicken genome shows that the mucin domain of Muc13 is encoded by multiple exons and that ovomucin is part of a locus of related gel-forming mucins","volume":"7","author":"Lang","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC Genom."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2052","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2008-00091","article-title":"Factors affecting intestinal health in poultry","volume":"87","author":"Yegani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1001410403","article-title":"Origin, differentiation and renewal of the four main epithelial cell types in the mouse small intestine I. Columnar cell","volume":"141","author":"Cheng","year":"1974","journal-title":"Am. J. Anat."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/82.2.320","article-title":"Pre-and posthatch development of goblet cells in the broiler small intestine: Effect of delayed access to feed","volume":"82","author":"Uni","year":"2003","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2004-826154","article-title":"A centenary of gastrointestinal endocrinology","volume":"36","author":"Rehfeld","year":"2004","journal-title":"Horm. Metab. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pew079","article-title":"Identification of the Paneth cells in chicken small intestine","volume":"95","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2760","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-004-4345-z","article-title":"Identification of chicken lysozyme g 2 and its expression in the intestine","volume":"61","author":"Nile","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-4781(91)90118-6","article-title":"Goose-type lysozyme gene of the chicken: Sequence, genomic organization and expression reveals major differences to chicken-type lysozyme gene","volume":"1090","author":"Nakano","year":"1991","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, A.L., Powers, C., and Beal, R.K. (2014). The avian enteric immune system in health and disease. Avian Immunology, Elsevier. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-396965-1.00013-3"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2006001","article-title":"MALT structure and function in farm animals","volume":"37","author":"Pabst","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2626","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.125.6.2626","article-title":"Gut-associated lymphoid tissue in the chicken. I. Morphology, ontogeny, and some functional characteristics of Peyer\u2019s patches","volume":"125","author":"Befus","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00318748","article-title":"Postnatal development of intra-epithelial leukocytes in the chicken digestive tract: Phenotypical characterization in situ","volume":"274","author":"Vervelde","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1001360406","article-title":"Pinocytosis by epithelium associated with lymphoid follicles in the bursa of Fabricius, appendix, and Peyer\u2019s patches. An electron microscopic study","volume":"136","author":"Bockman","year":"1973","journal-title":"Am. J. Anat."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2015.08.009","article-title":"The critical role of toll-like receptors\u2014from microbial recognition to autoimmunity: A comprehensive review","volume":"15","author":"Gerswhin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2005.02.002","article-title":"Expression and function of Toll-like receptors in chicken heterophils","volume":"29","author":"Kogut","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3217","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-146-12-3217","article-title":"Differential cytokine expression in avian cells in response to invasion by Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella gallinarum The GenBank accession numbers for the sequences reported in this paper are AI982185 for chicken IL-6 cDNA and AJ250838 for the partial chicken IL-6 genomic sequence, respectively","volume":"146","author":"Kaiser","year":"2000","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(01)00402-0","article-title":"Differential expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase is associated with differential Toll-like receptor-4 expression in chicken macrophages from different genetic backgrounds","volume":"84","author":"Dil","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1866","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2006.02.026","article-title":"Toll-like receptor agonists stimulate differential functional activation and cytokine and chemokine gene expression in heterophils isolated from chickens with differential innate responses","volume":"8","author":"Kogut","year":"2006","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2006.07.292","article-title":"Flagellin and lipopolysaccharide stimulate the MEK-ERK signaling pathway in chicken heterophils through differential activation of the small GTPases, Ras and Rap1","volume":"44","author":"Kogut","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5288(94)90188-0","article-title":"Analysis of Eimeria acervulina-induced changes in the intestinal T lymphocyte subpopulations in two chicken strains showing different levels of susceptibility to coccidiosis","volume":"56","author":"Lillehoj","year":"1994","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/13.6.757","article-title":"NK and T cells constitute two major, functionally distinct intestinal epithelial lymphocyte subsets in the chicken","volume":"13","author":"Kaspers","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2235","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1701704","article-title":"Development, homeostasis, and functions of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes","volume":"200","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc.2015.5","article-title":"NK cells and cancer: You can teach innate cells new tricks","volume":"16","author":"Morvan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2006.05.002","article-title":"Natural killer cells as an initial defense against pathogens","volume":"18","author":"Lodoen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01569","article-title":"Bone marrow NK cells: Origin, distinctive features, and requirements for tissue localization","volume":"10","author":"Bonanni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830240734","article-title":"Characterization of avian natural killer cells and their intracellular CD3 protein complex","volume":"24","author":"Chen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"111","article-title":"Isolation and functional characterization of chicken intestinal intra-epithelial lymphocytes showing natural killer cell activity against tumour target cells","volume":"63","author":"Chai","year":"1988","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2004.08.008","article-title":"CD107a as a functional marker for the identification of natural killer cell activity","volume":"294","author":"Alter","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.02.009","article-title":"Identification of new populations of chicken natural killer (NK) cells","volume":"34","author":"Jansen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2478","DOI":"10.1038\/srep02478","article-title":"Differential lung NK cell responses in avian influenza virus infected chickens correlate with pathogenicity","volume":"3","author":"Jansen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2012.11.012","article-title":"Rapid NK-cell activation in chicken after infection with infectious bronchitis virus M41","volume":"151","author":"Vervelde","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103857","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2020.103857","article-title":"Analysis of chicken intestinal natural killer cells, a major IEL subset during embryonic and early life","volume":"114","author":"Meijerink","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2012.03.007","article-title":"MHC class I target recognition, immunophenotypes and proteomic profiles of natural killer cells within the spleens of day-14 chick embryos","volume":"37","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-019-0206-4","article-title":"Human NK cells: Surface receptors, inhibitory checkpoints, and translational applications","volume":"16","author":"Sivori","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.1.385","article-title":"The chicken leukocyte receptor complex: A highly diverse multigene family encoding at least six structurally distinct receptor types","volume":"175","author":"Viertlboeck","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1007\/s00251-007-0220-z","article-title":"Chicken CD69 and CD94\/NKG2-like genes in a chromosomal region syntenic to mammalian natural killer gene complex","volume":"59","author":"Chiang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Immunogenetics"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2011.07.001","article-title":"The chicken leukocyte receptor cluster","volume":"144","author":"Viertlboeck","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biassoni, R. (2008). Natural killer cell receptors. Multichain Immune Recognition Receptor Signaling, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-09789-3_4"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1681","article-title":"Influence of the transcription factor ROR\u03b3t on the development of NKp46+ cell populations in gut and skin","volume":"10","author":"Luci","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-018-0016-5","article-title":"Human intraepithelial lymphocytes","volume":"11","author":"Mayassi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2381","article-title":"Formation and function of the lytic NK-cell immunological synapse","volume":"8","author":"Orange","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2012.04.008","article-title":"Innate immunosenescence: Effect of aging on cells and receptors of the innate immune system in humans","volume":"Volume 24","author":"Solana","year":"2012","journal-title":"Seminars in Immunology"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2018.06.004","article-title":"Differential activation of intraepithelial lymphocyte-natural killer cells in chickens infected with very virulent and vaccine strains of infectious bursal disease virus","volume":"87","author":"Jahromi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103876","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2020.103876","article-title":"CD11d is a novel antigen on chicken leukocytes","volume":"225","author":"Deeg","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bertzbach, L.D., van Haarlem, D.A., H\u00e4rtle, S., Kaufer, B.B., and Jansen, C.A. (2019). Marek\u2019s disease virus infection of natural killer cells. Microorganisms, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7120588"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00961","article-title":"Human gut-associated natural killer cells in health and disease","volume":"10","author":"Poggi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1038\/262584a0","article-title":"Induction of \u201cnatural killer\u201d cells by BCG","volume":"262","author":"Wolfe","year":"1976","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1139\/m84-199","article-title":"Inefficient in vitro killing of virulent or nonvirulent Salmonella typhimurium by murine polymorphonuclear neutrophils","volume":"30","author":"Baron","year":"1984","journal-title":"Can. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1079\/WPS19980012","article-title":"The avian heterophil leucocyte: A review","volume":"54","author":"Maxwell","year":"1998","journal-title":"World\u2019s Poult. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01534435","article-title":"Dynamics of avian inflammatory response to Salmonella-immune lymphokines","volume":"18","author":"Kogut","year":"1994","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.57.1.56","article-title":"In vivo activation of heterophil function in chickens following injection with Salmonella enteritidis-immune lymphokines","volume":"57","author":"Kogut","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0740008","article-title":"Characterization of the pattern of inflammatory cell influx in chicks following the intraperitoneal administration of live Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella enteritidis-immune lymphokines","volume":"74","author":"Kogut","year":"1995","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1998.59.11.1404","article-title":"Functional responses of neonatal chicken and turkey heterophils following stimulation by inflammatory agonists","volume":"59","author":"Kogut","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1135(94)90148-1","article-title":"Avian heterophils and monocytes: Phagocytic and bactericidal activities against Salmonella enteritidis","volume":"38","author":"Stabler","year":"1994","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2005.12.002","article-title":"Development and adaptations of innate immunity in the gastrointestinal tract of the newly hatched chick","volume":"30","author":"Friedman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9716-44-37","article-title":"Chicken innate immune response to oral infection with Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis","volume":"44","author":"Matulova","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2005.25.73","article-title":"IFN-\u03b3 priming of chicken heterophils upregulates the expression of proinflammatory and Th1 cytokine mRNA following receptor-mediated phagocytosis of Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis","volume":"25","author":"Kogut","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Interferon Cytokine Res."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4956","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.8.4956","article-title":"Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 in neutrophil inflammatory responses: Differential regulation of activation and survival","volume":"172","author":"Radsak","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2013.03.021","article-title":"The avian heterophil","volume":"41","author":"Genovese","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2008.12.013","article-title":"Chicken heterophil extracellular traps (HETs): Novel defense mechanism of chicken heterophils","volume":"129","author":"Chuammitri","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guimaraes-Costa, A.B., Nascimento, M.T., Wardini, A.B., Pinto-da-Silva, L.H., and Saraiva, E.M. (2012). ETosis: A microbicidal mechanism beyond cell death. J. Parasitol. Res., 2012.","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/929743"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-305X(97)00024-4","article-title":"Age-dependent phagocytosis and bactericidal activities of the chicken heterophil","volume":"22","author":"Wells","year":"1998","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_101","first-page":"553","article-title":"Electron microscopic and enzyme cytochemical studies on granules of mature chicken granular leucocytes","volume":"123","author":"Daimon","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1038\/32588","article-title":"Dendritic cells and the control of immunity","volume":"392","author":"Banchereau","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2012.79","article-title":"Contributions of dendritic cells and macrophages to intestinal homeostasis and immune defense","volume":"91","author":"Farache","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0909624","article-title":"Pivotal Advance: Avian colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1), interleukin-34 (IL-34), and CSF-1 receptor genes and gene products","volume":"87","author":"Garceau","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3150","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201242847","article-title":"CD 64 distinguishes macrophages from dendritic cells in the gut and reveals the T h1-inducing role of mesenteric lymph node macrophages during colitis","volume":"42","author":"Tamoutounour","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Solano-G\u00e1lvez, S.G., Tovar-Torres, S.M., Tron-G\u00f3mez, M.S., Weiser-Smeke, A.E., \u00c1lvarez-Hern\u00e1ndez, D.A., Franyuti-Kelly, G.A., Tapia-Moreno, M., Ibarra, A., Guti\u00e9rrez-Kobeh, L., and V\u00e1zquez-L\u00f3pez, R. (2018). Human dendritic cells: Ontogeny and their subsets in health and disease. Med Sci., 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci6040088"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-020711-074950","article-title":"The dendritic cell lineage: Ontogeny and function of dendritic cells and their subsets in the steady state and the inflamed setting","volume":"31","author":"Merad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2015.12.020","article-title":"Avian dendritic cells: Phenotype and ontogeny in lymphoid organs","volume":"58","author":"Nagy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5117","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.8.5117","article-title":"Unique features and distribution of the chicken CD83+ cell","volume":"179","author":"Hansell","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2009.03129.x","article-title":"Generation and characterization of chicken bone marrow-derived dendritic cells","volume":"129","author":"Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Staines, K., Young, J.R., and Butter, C. (2013). Expression of chicken DEC205 reflects the unique structure and function of the avian immune system. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0051799"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4510","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1303405","article-title":"Existence of conventional dendritic cells in Gallus gallus revealed by comparative gene expression profiling","volume":"192","author":"Manh","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2567.1998.00617.x","article-title":"The working mechanism of an immune complex vaccine that protects chickens against infectious bursal disease","volume":"95","author":"Jeurissen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0580195","article-title":"Structure of the germinal centers in the chicken caecal tonsil: Light and electron microscopic and autoradiographic studies","volume":"58","author":"Olah","year":"1979","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2007.00766.x","article-title":"Pyloric tonsil as a novel gut-associated lymphoepithelial organ of the chicken","volume":"211","author":"Nagy","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0740472","article-title":"Antigen-binding cells in the cecal tonsil and Peyer\u2019s patches of the chicken after bovine serum albumin administration","volume":"74","author":"Gallego","year":"1995","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2008.02.010","article-title":"Toll-like receptor gene expression in cecum and spleen of advanced intercross line chicks infected with Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis","volume":"123","author":"Abasht","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00141","article-title":"In vitro chicken bone marrow-derived dendritic cells comprise subsets at different states of maturation","volume":"11","author":"Arkesteijn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.09.051","article-title":"CD14 controls the LPS-induced endocytosis of Toll-like receptor 4","volume":"147","author":"Zanoni","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2011-02109","article-title":"Innate immune response to yeast-derived carbohydrates in broiler chickens fed organic diets and challenged with Clostridium perfringens","volume":"91","author":"Yitbarek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17214","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-96527-w","article-title":"Differential responses of chicken monocyte-derived dendritic cells infected with Salmonella Gallinarum and Salmonella Typhimurium","volume":"11","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-012-0512-0","article-title":"The anti-inflammatory effects of platinum nanoparticles on the lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response in RAW 264.7 macrophages","volume":"61","author":"Rehman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2005.05.009","article-title":"Differential responses of macrophages to Salmonella enterica serovars Enteritidis and Typhimurium","volume":"107","author":"Okamura","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1080\/00071660500098608","article-title":"Oxidative and nitrosative responses of the chicken macrophage cell line MQ-NCSU to experimental Salmonella infection","volume":"46","author":"Withanage","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2005.12.001","article-title":"Differential reactive oxygen and nitrogen production and clearance of Salmonella serovars by chicken and mouse macrophages","volume":"30","author":"Babu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2005.07.002","article-title":"Profile of Toll-like receptor expressions and induction of nitric oxide synthesis by Toll-like receptor agonists in chicken monocytes","volume":"43","author":"He","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1177\/1753425909356937","article-title":"CpG oligodeoxynucleotide and double-stranded RNA synergize to enhance nitric oxide production and mRNA expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in chicken monocytes","volume":"17","author":"He","year":"2011","journal-title":"Innate Immun."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.12703\/P6-13","article-title":"The M1 and M2 paradigm of macrophage activation: Time for reassessment","volume":"6","author":"Martinez","year":"2014","journal-title":"F1000prime Rep."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.1012512","article-title":"Macrophage phenotypes during tissue repair","volume":"93","author":"Novak","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI59643","article-title":"Macrophage plasticity and polarization: In vivo veritas","volume":"122","author":"Sica","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2334","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-003-3020-0","article-title":"Regulation of macrophage activation","volume":"60","author":"Ma","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2010.05.007","article-title":"Alternative activation of macrophages: Mechanism and functions","volume":"32","author":"Gordon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0412214","article-title":"Regulation of inflammation by interleukin-4: A review of \u201calternatives\u201d","volume":"92","author":"Luzina","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R\u0151szer, T. (2015). Understanding the mysterious M2 macrophage through activation markers and effector mechanisms. Mediat. Inflamm., 2015.","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/816460"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2020.152004","article-title":"A method to differentiate chicken monocytes into macrophages with proinflammatory properties","volume":"225","author":"Peng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2018.10.011","article-title":"Interleukin-4 (IL-4) may regulate alternative activation of macrophage-like cells in chickens: A sequential study using novel and specific neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against chicken IL-4","volume":"205","author":"Chaudhari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(02)01201-1","article-title":"Pattern recognition receptors: Doubling up for the innate immune response","volume":"111","author":"Gordon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1098\/rspl.1903.0062","article-title":"An experimental investigation of the role of the blood fluids in connection with phagocytosis","volume":"72","author":"Wright","year":"1904","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Lond."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1101\/SQB.1989.054.01.003","article-title":"Approaching the asymptote? Evolution and revolution in immunology","volume":"54","author":"Janeway","year":"1989","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.20.083001.084359","article-title":"Innate immune recognition","volume":"20","author":"Janeway","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2005.05.002","article-title":"Phagocytosis: Elegant complexity","volume":"22","author":"Stuart","year":"2005","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/ar816","article-title":"Toll-like receptor family: Receptors essential for microbial recognition and immune responses","volume":"5","author":"Akira","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2007.01.034","article-title":"Synergy of CpG oligodeoxynucleotide and double-stranded RNA (poly I: C) on nitric oxide induction in chicken peripheral blood monocytes","volume":"44","author":"He","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2011.640305","article-title":"CpG oligonucleotides and recombinant interferon-\u03b3 in combination improve protection in chickens to Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis challenge as an adjuvant component, but have no effect in reducing Salmonella carriage in infected chickens","volume":"41","author":"Hartley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1159\/000317154","article-title":"Transcriptional response of chicken macrophages to Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis infection","volume":"Volume 132","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Animal Genomics for Animal Health"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.110950","article-title":"Anethum graveloens flower extracts inhibited a lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response by blocking iNOS expression and NF-\u03baB activity in macrophages","volume":"76","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2018.04.002","article-title":"A new and efficient culture method for porcine bone marrow-derived M1-and M2-polarized macrophages","volume":"200","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(02)00010-X","article-title":"Resistance and susceptibility to Marek\u2019s disease: Nitric oxide synthase\/arginase activity balance","volume":"86","author":"Djeraba","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1016\/S0898-6568(03)00100-1","article-title":"CpG-ODN-induced nitric oxide production is mediated through clathrin-dependent endocytosis, endosomal maturation, and activation of PKC, MEK1\/2 and p38 MAPK, and NF-\u03baB pathways in avian macrophage cells (HD11)","volume":"15","author":"He","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cell. Signal."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2005.04.014","article-title":"Infection and activation of bursal macrophages by virulent infectious bursal disease virus","volume":"113","author":"Khatri","year":"2005","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1637\/7054","article-title":"Nitric oxide production by macrophages stimulated with coccidia sporozoites, lipopolysaccharide, or interferon-\u03b3, and its dynamic changes in SC and TK strains of chickens infected with Eimeria tenella","volume":"48","author":"Lillehoj","year":"2004","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/82.5.691","article-title":"Avian macrophage and immune response: An overview","volume":"82","author":"Qureshi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2094","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.4.2094-2100.2005","article-title":"Campylobacter jejuni-induced cytokine responses in avian cells","volume":"73","author":"Smith","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van den Biggelaar, R.H., Van Eden, W., Rutten, V.P., and Jansen, C.A. (2020). Nitric oxide production and Fc receptor-mediated phagocytosis as functional readouts of macrophage activity upon stimulation with inactivated poultry vaccines in vitro. Vaccines, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8020332"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van den Biggelaar, R.H., van Eden, W., Rutten, V.P., and Jansen, C.A. (2020). Macrophage Activation Assays to Evaluate the Immunostimulatory Capacity of Avibacterium paragallinarum in A Multivalent Poultry Vaccine. Vaccines, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8040671"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.9.3.349","article-title":"Avian gut-associated lymphoid tissues and intestinal immune responses to Eimeria parasites","volume":"9","author":"Lillehoj","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.74.2.1425-1430.2006","article-title":"Macrophages isolated from chickens genetically resistant or susceptible to systemic salmonellosis show magnitudinal and temporal differential expression of cytokines and chemokines following Salmonella enterica challenge","volume":"74","author":"Wigley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2010.12.009","article-title":"Modulation of chicken macrophage effector function by TH1\/TH2 cytokines","volume":"53","author":"He","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0684.1992.tb00576.x","article-title":"Are \u03b3\u03b4 T cells important for the elimination of virus-infected cells?","volume":"21","author":"Malkovsky","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Med Primatol."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.18.1.975","article-title":"\u03b3\u03b4 cells: A right time and a right place for a conserved third way of protection","volume":"18","author":"Hayday","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.167.2.315","article-title":"A large subpopulation of avian T cells express a homologue of the mammalian T gamma\/delta receptor","volume":"167","author":"Sowder","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/1.5.540","article-title":"A large proportion of bovine T cells express the \u03b3\u03b4 T cell receptor and show a distinct tissue distribution and surface phenotype","volume":"1","author":"Mackay","year":"1989","journal-title":"Int. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2567.1996.d01-705.x","article-title":"Phenotypic classification of porcine lymphocyte subpopulations in blood and lymphoid tissues","volume":"89","author":"Yang","year":"1996","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3858","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.163.7.3858","article-title":"Characterization of an avian (Gallus gallus domesticus) TCR \u03b1\u03b4 gene locus","volume":"163","author":"Kubota","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2008.03.008","article-title":"Heterogeneity of avian \u03b3\u03b4 T cells","volume":"124","author":"Pieper","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2017.03.028","article-title":"\u03b3\u03b4 T cells represent a major spontaneously cytotoxic cell population in the chicken","volume":"73","author":"Fenzl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-animal-031412-103639","article-title":"Comparative biology of \u03b3\u03b4 T cell function in humans, mice, and domestic animals","volume":"1","author":"Holderness","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Anim. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13328","article-title":"\u03b3\u03b4 T cells in livestock: Responses to pathogens and vaccine potential","volume":"67","author":"Baldwin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.02.014","article-title":"Butyrophilin-2A1 directly binds germline-encoded regions of the V\u03b39V\u03b42 TCR and is essential for phosphoantigen sensing","volume":"52","author":"Karunakaran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2210","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1302145","article-title":"IFN-\u03b3\u2013Producing and IL-17\u2013Producing \u03b3\u03b4 T Cells Differentiate at Distinct Developmental Stages in Murine Fetal Thymus","volume":"192","author":"Shibata","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2006.02477.x","article-title":"Workshop cluster 1+ \u03b3\u03b4 T-cell receptor+ T cells from calves express high levels of interferon-\u03b3 in response to stimulation with interleukin-12 and-18","volume":"120","author":"Price","year":"2007","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1865-1682.2009.01081.x","article-title":"WC1+ \u03b3\u03b4 T Cells Indirectly Regulate Chemokine Production During Mycobacterium bovis Infection in SCID-bo Mice","volume":"56","author":"Alvarez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1637\/8642-020309-Reg.1","article-title":"Induction of CXC chemokine messenger-RNA expression in chicken oviduct epithelial cells by salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis via the type three secretion system\u20131","volume":"53","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5173","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.8.5173-5182.2005","article-title":"Cytokine and chemokine responses associated with clearance of a primary Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection in the chicken and in protective immunity to rechallenge","volume":"73","author":"Withanage","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2012.03.004","article-title":"Early immune dynamics following infection with Salmonella enterica serovars Enteritidis, Infantis, Pullorum and Gallinarum: Cytokine and chemokine gene expression profile and cellular changes of chicken cecal tonsils","volume":"35","author":"Setta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2152","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.4.2152-2159.2004","article-title":"Rapid expression of chemokines and proinflammatory cytokines in newly hatched chickens infected with Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium","volume":"72","author":"Withanage","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01827","article-title":"Salmonella typhimurium and multidirectional communication in the gut","volume":"7","author":"Gart","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.12.3.405","article-title":"Molecular basis of the interaction of Salmonella with the intestinal mucosa","volume":"12","author":"Darwin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.femsim.2005.02.002","article-title":"Distribution of \u201cclassic\u201d virulence factors among Salmonella spp.","volume":"44","year":"2005","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol. Med Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2009.11.001","article-title":"Type III secretion systems shape up as they ship out","volume":"13","author":"Marlovits","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E149","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2007-0464","article-title":"Salmonella challenges: Prevalence in swine and poultry and potential pathogenicity of such isolates","volume":"86","author":"Foley","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Winnen, B., Schlumberger, M.C., Sturm, A., Sch\u00fcpbach, K., Siebenmann, S., Jenny, P., and Hardt, W.-D. (2008). Hierarchical effector protein transport by the Salmonella Typhimurium SPI-1 type III secretion system. PLoS ONE, 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002178"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2005.12.006","article-title":"Salmonella type III secretion effectors: Pulling the host cell\u2019s strings","volume":"9","author":"Schlumberger","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1102610","article-title":"Structural insights into the assembly of the type III secretion needle complex","volume":"306","author":"Marlovits","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.cellbio.17.1.53","article-title":"Salmonella interactions with host cells: Type III secretion at work","volume":"17","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(01)01488-5","article-title":"The Salmonella pathogenicity island-1 type III secretion system","volume":"3","author":"Lostroh","year":"2001","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2001.02230.x","article-title":"A Salmonella inositol polyphosphatase acts in conjunction with other bacterial effectors to promote host cell actin cytoskeleton rearrangements and bacterial internalization","volume":"39","author":"Zhou","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81442-7","article-title":"typhimurium encodes an activator of Rho GTPases that induces membrane ruffling and nuclear responses in host cells","volume":"93","author":"Hardt","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34035","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M100609200","article-title":"SopE and SopE2 from Salmonella typhimurium activate different sets of RhoGTPases of the host cell","volume":"276","author":"Friebel","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2344","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.4.2344-2350.2005","article-title":"Identification and functional characterization of chicken toll-like receptor 5 reveals a fundamental role in the biology of infection with Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium","volume":"73","author":"Iqbal","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2008.10.295","article-title":"The immunobiology of avian systemic salmonellosis","volume":"128","author":"Chappell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007067426499","article-title":"Differential activation of signal transduction pathways mediating phagocytosis, oxidative burst, and degranulation by chicken heterophils in response to stimulation with opsonized Salmonella enteritidis","volume":"25","author":"Kogut","year":"2001","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1080\/0307945021000070769","article-title":"Functional comparison of heterophils isolated from commercial broiler chickens","volume":"32","author":"Swaggerty","year":"2003","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2008.12.015","article-title":"Chicken heterophils are recruited to the site of Salmonella infection and release antibacterial mature Cathelicidin-2 upon stimulation with LPS","volume":"46","author":"Jansman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2017.04.008","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo generation of heterophil extracellular traps after Salmonella exposure","volume":"188","author":"Pieper","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01506-06","article-title":"How flagellin and toll-like receptor 5 contribute to enteric infection","volume":"75","author":"Steiner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07830","article-title":"The structural basis of lipopolysaccharide recognition by the TLR4\u2013MD-2 complex","volume":"458","author":"Park","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1215584","article-title":"Structural basis of TLR5-flagellin recognition and signaling","volume":"335","author":"Yoon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5525","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.10.5525-5529.2000","article-title":"High-affinity interaction between gram-negative flagellin and a cell surface polypeptide results in human monocyte activation","volume":"68","author":"McDermott","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.166.2.1248","article-title":"Flagellin, a novel mediator of Salmonella-induced epithelial activation and systemic inflammation: I\u03baB\u03b1 degradation, induction of nitric oxide synthase, induction of proinflammatory mediators, and cardiovascular dysfunction","volume":"166","author":"Murthy","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1882","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.167.4.1882","article-title":"Cutting edge: Bacterial flagellin activates basolaterally expressed TLR5 to induce epithelial proinflammatory gene expression","volume":"167","author":"Gewirtz","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5165","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.170.10.5165","article-title":"The Toll-like receptor 5 stimulus bacterial flagellin induces maturation and chemokine production in human dendritic cells","volume":"170","author":"Means","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2004.01923.x","article-title":"Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli flagellin-induced interleukin-8 secretion requires Toll-like receptor 5-dependent p38 MAP kinase activation","volume":"112","author":"Khan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2005.08.024","article-title":"The selective inhibition of nitric oxide production in the avian macrophage cell line HD11","volume":"109","author":"Crippen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2004.04.005","article-title":"Age at primary infection with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in the chicken influences persistence of infection and subsequent immunity to re-challenge","volume":"100","author":"Beal","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00420","article-title":"Dynamics and outcome of macrophage interaction between Salmonella gallinarum, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Salmonella dublin and macrophages from chicken and cattle","volume":"9","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2004.01939.x","article-title":"Differential cytokine mRNA expression in heterophils isolated from Salmonella-resistant and-susceptible chickens","volume":"113","author":"Swaggerty","year":"2004","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2007-00202","article-title":"Stronger in vitro phagocytosis by monocytes-macrophages is indicative of greater pathogen clearance and antibody levels in vivo","volume":"87","author":"Sun","year":"2008","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.069369-0","article-title":"Bacterial interference with canonical NF\u03baB signalling","volume":"159","author":"Johannessen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2335","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2010.3534","article-title":"Basic principles and emerging concepts in the redox control of transcription factors","volume":"15","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12194","article-title":"Intestinal dendritic cells in the regulation of mucosal immunity","volume":"260","author":"Bekiaris","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1038\/44593","article-title":"Extraintestinal dissemination of Salmonella by CD18-expressing phagocytes","volume":"401","author":"Falkow","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.22761","article-title":"Interactions of Salmonella enterica with dendritic cells","volume":"3","author":"Swart","year":"2012","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(02)00289-3","article-title":"Tracking salmonella-specific CD4 T cells in vivo reveals a local mucosal response to a disseminated infection","volume":"16","author":"McSorley","year":"2002","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2009.08.008","article-title":"Life in the inflamed intestine, Salmonella style","volume":"17","author":"Santos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.05173-0","article-title":"Development of acquired immunity to Salmonella","volume":"52","author":"Mastroeni","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Med Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.9.3.649-657.2002","article-title":"Activation of human NK cells by staphylococci and lactobacilli requires cell contact-dependent costimulation by autologous monocytes","volume":"9","author":"Haller","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.07.088","article-title":"Effects of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis on cellular recruitment and cytokine gene expression in caecum of vaccinated chickens","volume":"26","author":"Carvajal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_219","first-page":"32","article-title":"Functions, costs, and benefits of the immune system during development and growth","volume":"69","author":"Klasing","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ostrich"},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-021-00978-y","article-title":"A detailed analysis of innate and adaptive immune responsiveness upon infection with Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis in young broiler chickens","volume":"52","author":"Meijerink","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3967","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01128-05","article-title":"Circulating \u03b3\u03b4 T Cells in Response to Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis Exposure in Chickens","volume":"74","author":"Berndt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700073","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.201700073","article-title":"Different roles of CD4, CD8 and \u03b3\u03b4 T-lymphocytes in naive and vaccinated chickens during Salmonella Enteritidis infection","volume":"17","author":"Sekelova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proteomics"},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2011-01758","article-title":"Differences in the early response of hatchlings of different chicken breeding lines to Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis infection","volume":"91","author":"Schokker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2006048","article-title":"Immunological and gene expression responses to a Salmonella infection in the chicken intestine","volume":"38","author":"Hoekman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-020-0503-y","article-title":"Ligand recognition by the \u03b3\u03b4 TCR and discrimination between homeostasis and stress conditions","volume":"17","author":"Deseke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2012-02813","article-title":"Effects of probiotic-supplemented diets on growth performance and intestinal immune characteristics of broiler chickens","volume":"92","author":"Bai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meijerink, N., de Oliveira, J.E., van Haarlem, D.A., Hosotani, G., Lamot, D.M., Stegeman, J.A., Rutten, V.P., and Jansen, C.A. (2021). Glucose Oligosaccharide and Long-Chain Glucomannan Feed Additives Induce Enhanced Activation of Intraepithelial NK Cells and Relative Abundance of Commensal Lactic Acid Bacteria in Broiler Chickens. Vet. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci8060110"},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.19.0427","article-title":"Effects of multi-strain probiotic supplementation on intestinal microbiota, tight junctions, and inflammation in young broiler chickens challenged with Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica","volume":"33","author":"Chang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian Australas. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4776","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.06.061","article-title":"In ovo supplementation of chitooligosaccharide and chlorella polysaccharide affects cecal microbial community, metabolic pathways, and fermentation metabolites in broiler chickens","volume":"99","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-019-1850-8","article-title":"Selected prebiotics and synbiotics administered in ovo can modify innate immunity in chicken broilers","volume":"15","author":"Stefaniak","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-021-01901-z","article-title":"Inside-out chicken enteroids with leukocyte component as a model to study host\u2013pathogen interactions","volume":"4","author":"Nash","year":"2021","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726447","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.726447","article-title":"Development of the in vitro Cecal Chicken ALIMEntary tRact mOdel-2 to Study Microbiota Composition and Function","volume":"12","author":"Oost","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/10\/11\/1512\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:33:05Z","timestamp":1760167985000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/10\/11\/1512"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]]},"references-count":232,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens10111512"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens10111512","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]]}}}