{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T02:32:33Z","timestamp":1791340353921,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":162,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]],"date-time":"2021-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637712000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus mainly spread by Culex mosquitoes that currently has a geographic distribution across most of Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific. Infection with JEV can cause Japanese encephalitis (JE), a severe disease with a high mortality rate, which also results in ongoing sequalae in many survivors. The natural reservoir of JEV is ardeid wading birds, such as egrets and herons, but pigs commonly play an important role as an amplifying host during outbreaks in human populations. Other domestic animals and wildlife have been detected as hosts for JEV, but their role in the ecology and epidemiology of JEV is uncertain. Safe and effective JEV vaccines are available, but unfortunately, their use remains low in most endemic countries where they are most needed. Increased surveillance and diagnosis of JE is required as climate change and social disruption are likely to facilitate further geographical expansion of Culex vectors and JE risk areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10121534","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T23:22:56Z","timestamp":1638314576000},"page":"1534","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":150,"title":["The Ecology and Evolution of Japanese Encephalitis Virus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Peter","family":"Mulvey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville 4811, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0353-1678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veasna","family":"Duong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2946-586X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastien","family":"Boyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9212-2221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Graham","family":"Burgess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville 4811, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7169-149X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David T.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Geelong 3220, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1931-3037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philippe","family":"Dussart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9622-0742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul F.","family":"Horwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville 4811, Australia"},{"name":"College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville 4811, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.10.085233","article-title":"Estimated global incidence of Japanese encephalitis: A systematic review","volume":"89","author":"Campbell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bull. 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