{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T17:20:06Z","timestamp":1787505606712,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,25]],"date-time":"2021-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637798400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018537","name":"National Science and Technology Major Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018ZX10101002-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018ZX10101002-002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018537","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82073619"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82073619"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Schistosomiasis is a water-borne parasitic disease distributed worldwide, while schistosomiasis japonica localizes in the People\u2019s Republic of China, the Philippines, and a few regions of Indonesia. Although significant achievements have been obtained in these endemic countries, great challenges still exist to reach the elimination of schistosomiasis japonica, as the occurrence of flooding can lead to several adverse consequences on the prevalence of schistosomiasis. This review summarizes the influence of flooding on the transmission of schistosomiasis japonica and interventions responding to the adverse impacts from the One Health perspective in human beings, animals, and the environment. For human and animals, behavioral changes and the damage of water conservancy and sanitary facilities will increase the intensity of water contact. For the environment, the density of Oncomelania snails significantly increases from the third year after flooding, and the snail habitats can be enlarged due to active and passive diffusion. With more water contact of human and other reservoir hosts, and larger snail habitats with higher density of living snails, the transmission risk of schistosomiasis increases under the influence of flooding. With the agenda set for global schistosomiasis elimination, interventions from the One Health perspective are put forward to respond to the impacts of increased flooding. For human beings, conducting health education to increase the consciousness of self-protection, preventive chemotherapy for high-risk populations, supply of safe water, early case finding, timely reporting, and treating cases will protect people from infection and prevent the outbreak of schistosomiasis. For animals, culling susceptible domestic animals, herding livestock in snail-free areas, treating livestock with infection or at high risk of infection, harmless treatment of animal feces to avoid water contamination, and monitoring the infection status of wild animals in flooding areas are important to cut off the transmission chain from the resources. For the environment, early warning of flooding, setting up warning signs and killing cercaria in risk areas during and post flooding, reconstructing damaged water conservancy facilities, developing hygiene and sanitary facilities, conducting snail surveys, using molluscicide, and predicting areas with high risk of schistosomiasis transmission after flooding all contribute to reducing the transmission risk of schistosomiasis. These strategies need the cooperation of the ministry of health, meteorological administration, water resources, agriculture, and forestry to achieve the goal of minimizing the impact of flooding on the transmission of schistosomiasis. In conclusion, flooding is one of the important factors affecting the transmission of schistosomiasis japonica. Multi-sectoral cooperation is needed to effectively prevent and control the adverse impacts of flooding on human beings, animals, and the environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10121538","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T23:22:56Z","timestamp":1638314576000},"page":"1538","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["From the One Health Perspective: Schistosomiasis Japonica and Flooding"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7043-3512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Su-Ying","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li-Juan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yin-Long","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shi-Zhu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2021, August 26). Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia). Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/schistosomiasis#tab=tab_1."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrid.2015.11.007","article-title":"Human schistosomiasis: A diagnostic imaging focused review of a neglected disease","volume":"2","author":"Sah","year":"2015","journal-title":"Radiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20S","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.10-0048","article-title":"Schistosomiasis-associated pulmonary hypertension: Pulmonary vascular disease: The global perspective","volume":"137","author":"Graham","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention U.S., and Laboratory Identification of Parasites of Public Health Concern U.S. (2021, August 26). Parasites\u2014Schistosomiasis, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/parasites\/schistosomiasis\/."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2018.00014","article-title":"The One Health concept: 10 Years old and a long road ahead","volume":"5","author":"Mavingui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Overgaauw, P.A.M., Vinke, C.M., Hagen, M., and Lipman, L.J.A. (2020). A One Health perspective on the human-companion animal relationship with emphasis on zoonotic aspects. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17113789"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"King, C.H., and Bertsch, D. (2015). Historical perspective: Snail control to prevent schistosomiasis. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003657"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sokolow, S.H., Wood, C.L., Jones, I.J., Swartz, S.J., Lopez, M., Hsieh, M.H., Lafferty, K.D., Kuris, A.M., Rickards, C., and De Leo, G.A. (2016). Global assessment of schistosomiasis control over the past century shows targeting the snail intermediate host works best. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004794"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.08.007","article-title":"Challenges in predicting the effects of climate change on Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium transmission potential","volume":"29","author":"McCreesh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.138855","article-title":"Towards an operationalisation of nature-based solutions for natural hazards","volume":"731","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5452938","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/5452938","article-title":"Relationship between flooding and out break of infectious diseasesin Kenya: A review of the literature","volume":"2018","author":"Okaka","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Environ. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36021","DOI":"10.1038\/srep36021","article-title":"Global-scale river flood vulnerability in the last 50 years","volume":"6","author":"Tanoue","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"World Meteorological Organization (2021, August 26). Water-Related Hazards Dominate Disasters in the Past 50 Years. Available online: https:\/\/public.wmo.int\/en\/media\/press-release\/water-related-hazards-dominate-disasters-past-50-years."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110859","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.110859","article-title":"Development of an integrated multivariate trend-frequency analysis method: Spatial-temporal characteristics of climate extremes under global warming for Central Asia","volume":"195","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1495-6","article-title":"Changing climate both increases and decreases European river floods","volume":"573","author":"Bloschl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114035","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/aa8847","article-title":"Recent changes in extreme floods across multiple continents","volume":"12","author":"Berghuijs","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1080\/02626667.2019.1619081","article-title":"Spatial and seasonal patterns of flood change across Brazil","volume":"64","author":"Bartiko","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hydrol. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaat8785","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aat8785","article-title":"Recent intensification of Amazon flooding extremes driven by strengthened Walker circulation","volume":"4","author":"Barichivich","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109406","article-title":"Spatial and temporal distribution and trend in flood and drought disasters in East China","volume":"185","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"100038","article-title":"Reflections on the catastrophic 2020 Yangtze River basin flooding in southern China","volume":"1","author":"Wei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Innovation"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.03.063","article-title":"The impact of the 2016 flood event in Anhui Province, China on infectious diarrhea disease: An interrupted time-series study","volume":"127","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.15171\/ijoem.2017.963","article-title":"Global warming and its health impact","volume":"8","author":"Rossati","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fny085","DOI":"10.1093\/femsle\/fny085","article-title":"Climate change and One Health","volume":"365","author":"Zinsstag","year":"2018","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.07.002","article-title":"Infectious diseases after hydrologic disasters","volume":"36","author":"Liang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg. Med. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.05.021","article-title":"Extreme precipitation events and increased risk of campylobacteriosis in Maryland, U.S.A.","volume":"149","author":"Soneja","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gertler, M., Durr, M., Renner, P., Poppert, S., Askar, M., Breidenbach, J., Frank, C., Preussel, K., Schielke, A., and Werber, D. (2015). Outbreak of Cryptosporidium hominis following river flooding in the city of Halle (Saale), Germany, August 2013. BMC Infect. Dis., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-015-0807-1"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.4161\/dish.25216","article-title":"Examining the relationship between infectious diseases and flooding in Europe: A systematic literature review and summary of possible public health interventions","volume":"1","author":"Brown","year":"2013","journal-title":"Disaster Health"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxi004","article-title":"Global health impacts of floods: Epidemiologic evidence","volume":"27","author":"Ahern","year":"2005","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"522","article-title":"Flood disasters and schistosomiasis control","volume":"32","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. J. Schistosomiasis Control"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Disaster Relief and Disease Prevention Investigation Team Of the Ministry of Health (1991). The impact of the catastrophic flood on the prevalence of schistosomiasis in Hunan and Hubei provinces. Chin. J. Schistosomiasis Control, 3, 253. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"618","article-title":"Impact of schistosomiasis transmission by catastrophic flood damage and emergency response in China","volume":"28","author":"Cao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin. J. Schistosomiasis Control"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"129","article-title":"National progress of schistosomiasis control in 1998","volume":"11","author":"Guo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Chin. J. Schistosomiasis Control"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"196","article-title":"The current endemic status of schistosomiasis in Poyang Lake region in China: A review of achievement for the celebration of the 50th anniversary of the founding of PRC","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Chin. J. Schistosomiasis Control"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"109","article-title":"Quantitative study on human water contact during disaster year in endemic region of schistosomiasis japonica","volume":"14","author":"Yang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chin. J. Schistosomiasis Control"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parepi.2020.e00144","article-title":"Impacts of flood on health of Iranian population: Infectious diseases with an emphasis on parasitic infections","volume":"9","author":"Shokri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasite Epidemiol. Control"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30569-8","article-title":"Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions: An urgent requirement in post-flood Nepal","volume":"17","author":"Gautam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2019.03.012","article-title":"Food-borne and water-borne diseases under climate change in low- and middle-income countries: Further efforts needed for reducing environmental health exposure risks","volume":"194","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2008.04.004","article-title":"Effect of floods on the transmission of schistosomiasis in the Yangtze River valley, People\u2019s Republic of China","volume":"57","author":"Wu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"131","article-title":"Effects of flood on the prevalence of schistosomiasis in Anhui province in 1998","volume":"2","author":"Ge","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Trop. Dis. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"202","article-title":"Influence of flood in 1998 on schistosomiasis epidemic","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chin. J. Schistosomiasis Control"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-018-0013-8","article-title":"Schistosomiasis","volume":"4","author":"McManus","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis Primers"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"141","article-title":"Studies on the influence of flood disaster on schistosomiasis transmission and on its control in Poyang Lake region I. Analysis of schistosomiasis prevalence in flood year and following year","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chin. J. Schistosomiasis Control"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"324","article-title":"Trend of prevalence of schistosomiasis before and after embankment collapsed in Dongting Lake area","volume":"23","author":"Yang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chin. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-138","article-title":"Field comparison of circulating antibody assays versus circulating antigen assays for the detection of schistosomiasis japonica in endemic areas of China","volume":"7","author":"Cai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(00)90077-4","article-title":"Presentation and outcome of 1107 cases of schistosomiasis from Africa diagnosed in a non-endemic country","volume":"95","author":"Whitty","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"652","article-title":"Endemic status of schistosomiasis in national surveillance sites in Jiangxi Province from 2015 to 2018","volume":"37","author":"Yuan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin. J. Parasitol. Parasit. Dis."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2014.06.010","article-title":"Geographical distribution of human Schistosoma japonicum infection in The Philippines: Tools to support disease control and further elimination","volume":"44","author":"Salamat","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"145","article-title":"Schistosomiasis japonica: Control and research needs","volume":"Volume 72","author":"Zhou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Important Helminth Infections in Southeast Asia: Diversity and Potential for Control and Elimination, Part A"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.3390\/ani2040591","article-title":"Effects of severe floods and droughts on wildlife of the Pantanal Wetland (Brazil)\u2014A review","volume":"2","author":"Alho","year":"2012","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.5055\/jem.2015.0255","article-title":"Rodent-borne infectious disease outbreaks after flooding disasters: Epidemiology, management, and prevention","volume":"13","author":"Diaz","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Emerg. Manag."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23182","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1903698116","article-title":"Precision mapping of snail habitat provides a powerful indicator of human schistosomiasis transmission","volume":"116","author":"Wood","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61358-6","article-title":"Schistosomiasis control: Experiences and lessons from China","volume":"372","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"259","article-title":"The control of schistosomiasis japonica; observations on the habits, ecology and life cycle of Oncomelania quadrasi, the molluscan intermediate host of Schistosoma japonicum in the Philippine Islands","volume":"45","author":"McMullen","year":"1947","journal-title":"Am. J. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2020.105547","article-title":"Oncomelania hupensis quadrasi: Snail intermediate host of Schistosoma japonicum in the Philippines","volume":"210","author":"Leonardo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Y., Zheng, S.B., Yang, Y., Cheng, W.T., Pan, X., Dai, Q.Q., Chen, Y., Zhu, L., Jiang, Q.W., and Zhou, Y.B. (2018). The Three Gorges Dam: Does the flooding time determine the distribution of schistosome-transmitting snails in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, China?. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15071304"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2687-x","article-title":"Three Gorges Dam: Polynomial regression modeling of water level and the density of schistosome-transmitting snails Oncomelania hupensis","volume":"11","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"253","article-title":"Longitudinal observation on fluctuation trend of distribution and spread of Oncomelania snails after floodwater in marshland of lower reaches of Yangtze River","volume":"16","author":"Huang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chin. J. Schistosomiasis Control"},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"46","article-title":"Influence of drowning on survival of Oncomelania","volume":"14","author":"Zheng","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chin. J. Schistosomiasis Control"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"61","article-title":"Research progress on the effects of drowning on the survival and reproduction of Oncomelania hupensis","volume":"17","author":"Lv","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chin. J. Parasit. Dis. Control"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.14.2.270-295.2001","article-title":"Schistosomiasis in the People\u2019s Republic of China: Prospects and challenges for the 21st century","volume":"14","author":"Ross","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.2174\/1874120701408010160","article-title":"Research on the diffusion law of Oncomelania along with the flow through a side-weir","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Open Biomed. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"125","article-title":"Endemic status of schistosomiasis in Anhui Province in 2016","volume":"15","author":"Gao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Trop. Dis. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(94)00310-P","article-title":"Human behavior, health education and schistosomiasis control: A review","volume":"40","author":"Kloos","year":"1995","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munisi, D.Z., Buza, J., Mpolya, E.A., Angelo, T., and Kinung\u2019hi, S.M. (2017). Knowledge, attitude, and practices on intestinal schistosomiasis among primary schoolchildren in the Lake Victoria basin, Rorya District, north-western Tanzania. BMC Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4767-9"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2015.53.5.561","article-title":"Improved perceptions and practices related to schistosomiasis and intestinal worm infections following PHAST intervention on Kome Island, North-Western Tanzania","volume":"53","author":"Mwanga","year":"2015","journal-title":"Korean J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-017-0271-9","article-title":"Approaches being used in the national schistosomiasis elimination programme in China: A review","volume":"6","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Poverty"},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"424","article-title":"Effect of health education on schistosomiasis control in fishmen and boatmen","volume":"21","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chin. J. Schistosomiasis Control"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-4-201","article-title":"Efficacy of praziquantel and artemisinin derivatives for the treatment and prevention of human schistosomiasis: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2021.106048","article-title":"In vivo praziquantel efficacy of Schistosoma japonicum over time: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"222","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"10","article-title":"Expert consensus on the strategy and measures to interrupt the transmission of schistosomiasis in China","volume":"33","author":"Lv","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin. J. Schistosomiasis Control"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1038\/536396e","article-title":"Strengthen China\u2019s flood control","volume":"536","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1932","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14968-9","article-title":"Sustainable schistosomiasis control\u2014The way forward","volume":"362","author":"Utzinger","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knight, M., Wu, J.-Y., Zhou, Y.-B., Chen, Y., Liang, S., Li, L.-H., Zheng, S.-B., Zhu, S.-P., Ren, G.-H., and Song, X.-X. (2015). Three Gorges Dam: Impact of water level changes on the density of schistosome-transmitting snail Oncomelania hupensis in Dongting Lake area, China. PLOS Negl. Trop. Dis., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003882"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(06)70521-7","article-title":"Schistosomiasis and water resources development: Systematic review, meta-analysis, and estimates of people at risk","volume":"6","author":"Steinmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"695","article-title":"Effect of water conservancy schistosomiasis control projects combined with molluscicide to control Oncomelania hupensis snails in rivers connecting with Yangtze River in Pukou District, Nanjing City","volume":"29","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin. J. Schistosomiasis Control"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2006.09.006","article-title":"Transmission control for schistosomiasis\u2014Why it matters now","volume":"22","author":"King","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2012.04.013","article-title":"Time to set the agenda for schistosomiasis elimination","volume":"128","author":"Rollinson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(00)47011-9","article-title":"The potential of geographical information systems and remote sensing in the epidemiology and control of human helminth infections","volume":"47","author":"Brooker","year":"2000","journal-title":"Adv. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.4081\/gh.2006.283","article-title":"Remote sensing for predicting potential habitats of Oncomelania hupensis in Hongze, Baima and Gaoyou lakes in Jiangsu province, China","volume":"1","author":"Yang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Geospat. Health"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2005.07.006","article-title":"A review of geographic information system and remote sensing with applications to the epidemiology and control of schistosomiasis in China","volume":"96","author":"Yang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, Y., Qiu, J., Li, R., Shen, Q., and Huang, D. (2017). Identification of Potential High-Risk Habitats within the Transmission Reach of Oncomelania hupensis after Floods Based on SAR Techniques in a Plane Region in China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14090986"},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"464","article-title":"Assessment of schistosomiasis transmission risk along the Yangtze River basin after the flood disaster in 2020","volume":"32","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. J. Schistosomiasis Control"},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"417","article-title":"Sentinel-1A radar remote sensing-based modeling for quick identification of potential risk areas of schistosomiasis transmission after flood","volume":"38","author":"Xia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. J. Parasitol. Parasit. Dis."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04576-x","article-title":"Potential impact of flooding on schistosomiasis in Poyang Lake regions based on multi-source remote sensing images","volume":"14","author":"Xue","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/10\/12\/1538\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:35:30Z","timestamp":1760168130000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/10\/12\/1538"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,25]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens10121538"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens10121538","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,25]]}}}