{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T05:25:07Z","timestamp":1789709107267,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,25]],"date-time":"2021-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637798400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Norwegian Reindeer Development Fund","award":["362256"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["362256"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a common cause of viral hepatitis in humans. In developing countries, HEV-infections seem to be mainly associated with pigs, but other animal species may be involved in viral transmission. Recently, anti-HEV antibodies were detected in Norwegian wild reindeer. Here, we investigated anti-HEV seroprevalence in Norwegian semi-domesticated reindeer, animals in closer contact with humans than their wild counterparts. Blood samples (n = 516) were obtained from eight reindeer herds during the period 2013\u20132017 and analysed with a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay designed for detecting anti-HEV antibodies in livestock. Antibodies were found in all herds and for all sampling seasons. The overall seroprevalence was 15.7% (81\/516), with adults showing a slightly higher seroprevalence (18.0%, 46\/256) than calves (13.5%, 35\/260, p = 0.11). The seroprevalence was not influenced by gender or latitude, and there was no temporal trend (p &gt; 0.15). A positive association between the presence of anti-HEV antibodies and antibodies against alphaherpesvirus and pestivirus, detected in a previous screening, was found (p &lt; 0.05). We conclude that Norwegian semi-domesticated reindeer are exposed to HEV or an antigenically similar virus. Whether the virus is affecting reindeer health or infects humans and poses a threat for human health remains unknown and warrants further investigations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10121542","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T23:22:56Z","timestamp":1638314576000},"page":"1542","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Serological Evidence of Hepatitis E Virus Infection in Semi-Domesticated Eurasian Tundra Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) in Norway"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6970-6728","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christine Hanssen","family":"Rinaldo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital of North Norway, N-9038 Troms\u00f8, Norway"},{"name":"Metabolic and Renal Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Troms\u00f8, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingebj\u00f8rg Helena","family":"Nymo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Norwegian Veterinary Institute, N-9016 Troms\u00f8, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Troms\u00f8, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8305-7947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"S\u00e1nchez Romano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Troms\u00f8, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Troms\u00f8, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva Marie","family":"Breines","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Troms\u00f8, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1435-5190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco Javier Ancin","family":"Murguzur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Troms\u00f8, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5394-5196","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Morten","family":"Tryland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Troms\u00f8, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, N-2480 Koppang, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17086","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.86","article-title":"Hepatitis E virus infection","volume":"3","author":"Kamar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. 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