{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:00:32Z","timestamp":1787029232146,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,8]],"date-time":"2021-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638921600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Academy of Research and Higher Education","award":["Establishment of a Platform to support training and awareness-raising, diagnosis and develop-ment of a control strategy for Brucellosis and Trypanosomiasis in Ecuador (BruTryp project)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Establishment of a Platform to support training and awareness-raising, diagnosis and develop-ment of a control strategy for Brucellosis and Trypanosomiasis in Ecuador (BruTryp project)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Babesia species are intraerythrocytic protozoa, distributed in tropical and subtropical areas of the world, causing anemic diseases in many animals, including cattle. This disease, called babesisosis, is transmitted from one animal to another through ticks (Tick Borne-Disease or TBD). On the other hand, Ecuador has a tropical climate that allows the development of the vector Rhipicephalus microplus, and therefore favors the transmission of Babesia spp. in cattle. Methods and principal findings: We determined the presence of Babesia spp. by PCR using 18s ribosomal gene as target (18s PCR) in 20 farms in the area of El Carmen (zone below 300 m above sea level) and 1 farm in Quito (2469 m.a.s.l.). In addition, we analyzed parameters such as age, sex, and packed cell volume (PCV) as explanatory variable associated with the disease. Results: The 18s PCR test showed that 18.94% (14.77% Babesia bovis and 4.17% Babesia bigemina) and 20.28% (14.69% B. bovis and 5.59% B. bigemina) of the cattle were positive for Babesia spp in farms sampled in El Carmen and in Quito, respectively. Age influenced the presence of animals positive for Babesia spp., but sex and PCV did not. The phylogenetic analysis of sequences showed 4 isolates of B. bovis and 3 isolates of B. bigemina in the 2 study zones, with similarities between 99.73 and 100% with other sequences. One B. bovis isolate was similar in the zone of El Carmen and Quito. Conclusion and significance: This work is the first molecular characterization of B. bigemina and B. bovis in Ecuador, and it is also the first evidence of Babesia spp. in cattle in the area of Quito at an altitude of 2469 m.a.s.l., being the highest altitude reported for animals with babesiosis and for the tick R. microplus. Climatic factors as well as mobility of tick-carrying animals without any control allow the presence of Babesiosis outbreaks in new geographical areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10121593","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,8]],"date-time":"2021-12-08T23:30:00Z","timestamp":1639006200000},"page":"1593","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Detection of Babesia spp. in High Altitude Cattle in Ecuador, Possible Evidence of the Adaptation of Vectors and Diseases to New Climatic Conditions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Mar\u00eda A.","family":"Ch\u00e1vez-Larrea","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULi\u00e8ge), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, Department of Infections and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Li\u00e8ge, 4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"},{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Sanidad Animal y Humana (GISAH), Carrera de Ingenier\u00eda en Biotecnolog\u00eda, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida y la Agricultura, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas-ESPE, Sangolqu\u00ed P.O. Box 171-5-231, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3458-7298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Cholota-Iza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Sanidad Animal y Humana (GISAH), Carrera de Ingenier\u00eda en Biotecnolog\u00eda, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida y la Agricultura, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas-ESPE, Sangolqu\u00ed P.O. Box 171-5-231, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viviana","family":"Medina-Naranjo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Sanidad Animal y Humana (GISAH), Carrera de Ingenier\u00eda en Biotecnolog\u00eda, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida y la Agricultura, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas-ESPE, Sangolqu\u00ed P.O. Box 171-5-231, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3878-2354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelle","family":"Yugcha-D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Sanidad Animal y Humana (GISAH), Carrera de Ingenier\u00eda en Biotecnolog\u00eda, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida y la Agricultura, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas-ESPE, Sangolqu\u00ed P.O. Box 171-5-231, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Ron-Rom\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Sanidad Animal y Humana (GISAH), Carrera de Ingenier\u00eda Agropecuaria, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida y la Agricultura, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas-ESPE, Sangolqu\u00ed P.O. Box 171-5-231, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8468-6924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Martin-Solano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Sanidad Animal y Humana (GISAH), Carrera de Ingenier\u00eda en Biotecnolog\u00eda, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida y la Agricultura, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas-ESPE, Sangolqu\u00ed P.O. Box 171-5-231, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gelacio","family":"G\u00f3mez-Mendoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carrera de Ingenier\u00eda Agropecuaria, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida y la Agricultura Extensi\u00f3n Santo Domingo, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas-ESPE, Sangolqu\u00ed P.O. Box 171-5-231, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9087-7436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claude","family":"Saegerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULi\u00e8ge), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, Department of Infections and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Li\u00e8ge, 4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Armando","family":"Reyna-Bello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Sanidad Animal y Humana (GISAH), Carrera de Ingenier\u00eda en Biotecnolog\u00eda, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida y la Agricultura, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas-ESPE, Sangolqu\u00ed P.O. Box 171-5-231, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Garc\u00eda, G., Santamar\u00eda-Espinosa, R.M., Lira-Amaya, J.J., and Figueroa, J.V. (2021). Challenges in Tick-Borne Pathogen Detection: The Case for Babesia spp. Identification in the Tick Vector. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10020092"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S247","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182004005190","article-title":"Babesiosis of Cattle","volume":"129","author":"Bock","year":"2004","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alvarez, J.A., Rojas, C., and Figueroa, J.V. (2019). Diagnostic Tools for the Identification of Babesia sp. in Persistently Infected Cattle. 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