{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T15:38:53Z","timestamp":1782747533896,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,14]],"date-time":"2021-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639440000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002301","name":"Estonian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Project of L200072VLVB (RITA2\/092) \u201cSalmonella control program - updating of measures\u201d"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project of L200072VLVB (RITA2\/092) \u201cSalmonella control program - updating of measures\u201d"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002301","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Salmonella enterica represents a considerable public concern worldwide, with farm animals often recognised as an important reservoir. This study gives an overview of the prevalence and serotype diversity of Salmonella over a 5-year period in the meat production chain in Estonia. Data on human salmonellosis over the same period are provided. Methods: Salmonella surveillance data from 2016 to 2020 were analysed. Results: The prevalence of Salmonella at the farm level was 27.7%, 3.3% and 0.1% for fattening pigs, cattle and poultry, respectively. S. Derby was the most prevalent serotype at the farm level for fattening pigs and S. Dublin for cattle. The top three serotypes isolated at the slaughterhouse and meat cutting levels were S. Derby, monophasic S. Typhimurium and S. Typhimurium with proportions of 64.7%, 9.4% and 7.0%, respectively. These serotypes were the top five most common Salmonella serotypes responsible for human infections in Estonia. S. Enteritidis is the main cause (46.9%) of human salmonellosis cases in Estonia, but in recent years, Enteritidis has not been detected at the slaughterhouse or meat cutting level. Conclusion: In recent years, monophasic S. Typhimurium has become epidemiologically more important in Estonia, with the second-highest cause in human cases and third-highest among the most prevalent serotypes of Salmonella enterica in the meat chain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10121622","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,14]],"date-time":"2021-12-14T22:06:10Z","timestamp":1639519570000},"page":"1622","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Prevalence and Serotype Diversity of Salmonella enterica in the Estonian Meat Production Chain in 2016\u20132020"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Kaisa","family":"Kuus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Food Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Fr. R. Kreutzwaldi 56-3, 51006 Tartu, Estonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toomas","family":"Kramarenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary and Food Laboratory, Fr. R. Kreutzwaldi 30, 51006 Tartu, Estonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jelena","family":"S\u00f5gel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agriculture and Food Board, V\u00e4ike-Paala 3, 11415 Tallinn, Estonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5395-3233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mihkel","family":"M\u00e4esaar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Food Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Fr. R. Kreutzwaldi 56-3, 51006 Tartu, Estonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6129-8854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Fredriksson-Ahomaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sj\u00f6bergin katu 2, P.O. Box 66, 00014 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7835-0647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mati","family":"Roasto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Food Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Fr. R. Kreutzwaldi 56-3, 51006 Tartu, Estonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), and European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) (2019). The European Union one health 2018 zoonoses report. EFSA J., 17, e05926.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2019.5926"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), and European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) (2021). The European Union one health 2019 zoonoses report. EFSA J., 19, e06406.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2021.6406"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Terviseamet (2021, January 15). Salmonelloos Eestis 2019. Available online: https:\/\/www.terviseamet.ee\/sites\/default\/files\/Nakkushaigused\/Haigestumine\/salmo_kamp\/salmonelloos_2019_veebile.pdf."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Terviseamet (2021, January 20). Salmonellooside Ja Kamp\u00fclobakterenteriidi Esinemine Eestis. Available online: https:\/\/www.terviseamet.ee\/et\/nakkushaigused-menuu\/tervishoiutootajale\/nakkushaigustesse-haigestumine#Salmonellooside%20ja%20kamp%C3%BClobakterenteriidi%20esinemine%20Eestis%20alates%202006.%20aastast."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Felin, E. (2019). Towards Risk-Based Meat Inspection\u2014Prerequisites of Risk-Based Meat Inspection of Pigs in Finland. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Helsinki]. Available online: https:\/\/helda.helsinki.fi\/handle\/10138\/300891."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4601","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02991-09","article-title":"Pork contaminated with Salmonella enterica serovar 4,[5],12:i:-, an emerging health risk for humans","volume":"76","author":"Hauser","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campos, J., Mour\u00e3o, J., Peixe, L., and Antunes, P. (2019). Non-typhoidal Salmonella in the pig production chain: A comprehensive analysis of its impact on human health. Pathogens, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens8010019"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mandilara, G., Sideroglou, T., Chrysostomou, A., Rentifis, I., Papadopoulos, T., Polemis, M., Tzani, M., Tryfinopoulou, K., and Mellou, K. (2021). The rising burden of salmonellosis caused by monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium (1,4,[5],12:i:-) in Greece and new food vehicles. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10020185"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Terviseamet (2021, January 15). Nakkushaigustesse Haigestumine Eestis 2000\u20132020. Available online: https:\/\/www.terviseamet.ee\/et\/nakkushaigused-menuu\/tervishoiutootajale\/nakkushaigustesse-haigestumine."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2019.00502","article-title":"Pathogenicity and Competitive Fitness of Salmonella enterica Serovar 4,[5],12:i:- Compared to Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Derby in Swine","volume":"6","author":"Naberhaus","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2017.08.017","article-title":"Evaluation of WGS based approaches for investigating a food-borne outbreak caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Derby in Germany","volume":"71","author":"Simon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"GBD 2017 Non-Typhoidal Salmonella Invasive Disease Collaborators (2019). The global burden of non-typhoidal salmonella invasive disease: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet Infect. Dis., 19, 1312\u20131324."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Veterinaar-ja Toiduamet (2021, July 27). Zoonooside Aruanne. Available online: https:\/\/pta.agri.ee\/media\/2503\/download."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1017\/S095026881700036X","article-title":"Salmonella in the pork production chain and its impact on human health in the European Union","volume":"145","author":"Bonardi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2016.2264","article-title":"Prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and relatedness of Salmonella isolated from chickens and pigs on farms, abattoirs, and markets in Sichuan province, China","volume":"14","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, X., Wu, Q., Zhang, J., Huang, J., Guo, W., and Cai, S. (2015). Prevalence and characterization of monophasic Salmonella serovar 1,4,[5],12:i:- of food origin in China. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0137967"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"7843","article-title":"Epidemiological survey on the prevalence of Salmonella spp. in the Sardinian pig production chain, using real-time PCR screening method","volume":"8","author":"Pala","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ital. J. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.5604\/12321966.1235180","article-title":"Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella in meat and meat products in Latvia","volume":"24","author":"Terentjeva","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Agric. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix909","article-title":"Salmonella enterica serotype 4,[5],12:i:- in swine in the United States Midwest: An emerging multidrug-resistant clade","volume":"66","author":"Elnekave","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2019.2676","article-title":"The epidemiology of monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium","volume":"17","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2012.1154","article-title":"Occurrence and characterization of monophasic Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (1, 4, [5], 12: I: -) of non-human origin in Poland","volume":"9","author":"Wasyl","year":"2012","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2014.01.032","article-title":"The prevalence and serovar diversity of Salmonella in various food products in Estonia","volume":"42","author":"Kramarenko","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Control."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2013.1703","article-title":"Clonal distribution of monophasic Salmonella enterica subspenterica serotype 4, [5], 12:i:- in Czech Republic","volume":"11","year":"2014","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-16-331","article-title":"Foodborne salmonellosis in Italy: Characterization of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and monophasic variant 4,[5],12:i:- isolated from salami and human patients","volume":"80","author":"Andreoli","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6514a4","article-title":"Notes from the Field: Outbreak of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella Infections Linked to Pork\u2014Washington, 2015","volume":"65","author":"Kawakami","year":"2016","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Statistikaamet (2021, July 29). Estonian Residents Have Started to Consume More Domestic Meat. Available online: https:\/\/www.stat.ee\/et\/uudised\/eesti-elanikud-tarbivad-uha-rohkem-kodumaist-liha."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1515\/jvetres-2017-0022","article-title":"Distribution of Salmonella serovars along the food chain in Poland, 2010\u20132015","volume":"61","author":"Hoszowski","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2019.2738","article-title":"Occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Salmonella spp. in raw and ready-to-eat foods and Campylobacter spp. in retail raw chicken meat in Transylvania, Romania","volume":"17","author":"Morar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.17221\/260\/2016-CJFS","article-title":"Prevalence and characteristics of Salmonella in retail poultry and pork meat in the Czech Republic during 2013\u20132014","volume":"35","year":"2017","journal-title":"Czech J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2204.150531","article-title":"Microevolution of monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium during epidemic, United Kingdom, 2005\u20132010","volume":"22","author":"Petrovska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) (2010). Scientific Opinion on monitoring and assessment of the public health risk of \u201cSalmonella Typhimurium-like\u201d strains. EFSA J., 8, 1826.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2010.1826"}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/10\/12\/1622\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:47:49Z","timestamp":1760168869000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/10\/12\/1622"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,14]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens10121622"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens10121622","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,14]]}}}