{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:40:16Z","timestamp":1760236816528,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,24]],"date-time":"2021-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640304000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LA 2746\/2-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA 2746\/2-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite the existence of an effective medication against schistosomiasis, the disease remains a major health problem in affected areas, especially for those lacking appropriate sanitary facilities. Moreover, treatment cannot prevent re-infection since it is only effective on adult schistosome worms. Previous retrospective studies in the Sudan have discovered unique immuno-epidemiological profiles in uninfected individuals and those positive for Schistosoma mansoni via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) but egg-negative and those with eggs in their stool. Expanding on these data, serum samples from these individuals were further investigated for the presence of cercarial (SmCTF)-specific antibodies, which would indicate immune responses at the early stages of infection. Indeed, SmCTF IgG1, 2, 3 and 4 levels were significantly elevated in SmPCR+ individuals when compared to egg+ patients. Following multivariable regression analysis, including SmCTF-specific Igs, Schistosoma egg antigen (SEA)-specific and Schistosoma worm antigen (SWA)-specific immunoglobulins revealed a specific immunoglobulin (Ig) profile of individuals presenting different states of infection, which may be a useful future tool in order to identify egg\u2212 individuals and thereby prevent unnecessary treatments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11010019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,27]],"date-time":"2021-12-27T01:06:54Z","timestamp":1640567214000},"page":"19","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Distinct Schistosoma mansoni-Specific Immunoglobulin Subclasses Are Induced by Different Schistosoma mansoni Stages\u2014A Tool to Decipher Schistosoma mansoni Infection Stages"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1091-4861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathrin","family":"Arndts","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), 53127 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tayseer E. M.","family":"Elfaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, College of Medical Laboratory Science, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum 13311, Sudan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Doenhoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4591-5672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gnatoulma","family":"Katawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Recherche en Immunologie et Immunomodulation (UR2IM), Ecole Sup\u00e9rieure des Techniques Biologiques et Alimentaires (ESTBA), University of Lome,  Lom\u00e9 BP 1515, Togo"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ibtisam A.","family":"Goreish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Resources Research Corporation, Ministry of Livestock, Fisheries and Rangelands, Khartoum 13311, Sudan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Misk El Yemen A.","family":"Atti El Mekki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, College of Medical Laboratory Science, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum 13311, Sudan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Achim","family":"Hoerauf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), 53127 Bonn, Germany"},{"name":"German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Neglected Tropical Disease, Partner Site, Bonn-Cologne, 53127 Bonn, Germany"},{"name":"German-West African Centre for Global Health and Pandemic Prevention (G-WAC), Partner Site Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8667-2067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Ritter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), 53127 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura E.","family":"Layland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), 53127 Bonn, Germany"},{"name":"German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Neglected Tropical Disease, Partner Site, Bonn-Cologne, 53127 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3689-z","article-title":"Epidemiological findings and policy implications from the nationwide schistosomiasis and intestinal helminthiasis survey in sudan","volume":"12","author":"Cha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elfaki, T.E., Arndts, K., Wiszniewsky, A., Ritter, M., Goreish, I.A., Atti El Mekki, M.E., Arriens, S., Pfarr, K., Fimmers, R., and Doenhoff, M. 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