{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T14:10:50Z","timestamp":1790777450636,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]],"date-time":"2022-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641513600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mycoplasmas cause some of the most economically important diseases of sheep and goats, including diseases listed by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) such as contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) and contagious agalactia (CA). Other important mycoplasma diseases include chronic respiratory and arthritic syndrome (CRAS) and atypical pneumonia, both present on all continents where small ruminants are farmed. Unfortunately, owing to a lack of investment, most commercial vaccines for these diseases are of poor quality, being mostly composed of killed bacteriocins of dubious or unknown efficacy. Several Mediterranean laboratories produce autogenous vaccines, but these can only be used on farms where outbreaks have been officially declared, and consequently have limited impact on disease nationally. Effective live vaccines are available, but their use is often restricted because of safety concerns. With the necessary safeguards in place, we argue for their greater use. This review examines reported vaccines for mycoplasma diseases of small ruminants and attempts to identify new candidate antigens that may enable the development of improved products. Vaccines for CCPP are covered elsewhere.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11010075","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,9]],"date-time":"2022-01-09T23:06:15Z","timestamp":1641769575000},"page":"75","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Vaccines for Mycoplasma Diseases of Small Ruminants: A Neglected Area of Research"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3271-3748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Dudek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cattle and Sheep Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 57 Partyzant\u00f3w Avenue, 24100 Pulawy, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Umit","family":"Sevimli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pendik Veterinary Control Institute, OIE Reference Laboratory for CCPP, Pendik, Istanbul 34890, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6685-7109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio","family":"Migliore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Area Diagnostica Specialistica, OIE Reference Laboratory for Contagious Agalactia, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via G. Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3908-8025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amirreza","family":"Jafarizadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 477893855, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guido R.","family":"Loria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Area Diagnostica Specialistica, OIE Reference Laboratory for Contagious Agalactia, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via G. Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin A. J.","family":"Nicholas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Oaks, Nutshell Lane, Farnham, Surrey GU9 0HG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jelinski, M., Kinnear, A., Gesy, K., Andr\u00e9s-Lasheras, S., Zaheer, R., Weese, S., and McAllister, T.A. (2020). Antimicrobial Sensitivity Testing of Mycoplasma bovis Isolates derived from Western Canadian feedlot cattle. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8010124"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2017.10.012","article-title":"Molecular resistance mechanisms of Mycoplasma agalactiae to macrolides and lincomycin","volume":"211","author":"Paterna","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. 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