{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T21:45:41Z","timestamp":1787262341026,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,9]],"date-time":"2022-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641686400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Some patients with chronic rhinitis have a positive nasal allergen provocation test (NAPT) without systemic IgE sensitization by skin prick tests or serum allergen-specific IgE (sIgE). This novel concept is called local allergic rhinitis (LAR) and affects children and adults worldwide, but is underdiagnosed. LAR is not just the initial state of allergic rhinitis (AR), it is a unique form of chronic rhinitis that is neither classical AR nor non-AR. Many of the features of AR and LAR are similar, such as a positive NAPT, positive type 2 inflammatory markers, including the nasal discharge of sIgE, and a high incidence of asthma. A differential diagnosis of LAR needs to be considered in patients with symptoms suggestive of AR in the absence of systemic atopy, regardless of age. The diagnostic method for LAR relies on positive responses to single or multiple allergens in NAPT, the sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility of which are high. The basophil activation test and measurement of IgE in nasal secretions also contribute to the diagnosis of LAR. Treatment for LAR is similar to that for AR and is supported by the efficacy and safety of allergen exposure avoidance, drug therapy, and allergen immunotherapy. This review discusses current knowledge on LAR.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11010080","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,9]],"date-time":"2022-01-09T23:06:15Z","timestamp":1641769575000},"page":"80","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Diagnosis and Treatment of Local Allergic Rhinitis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6449-1468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tetsuya","family":"Terada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatsuki 569-8686, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryo","family":"Kawata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatsuki 569-8686, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2020.02.004","article-title":"Rhinitis phenotypes","volume":"8","author":"Mullol","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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