{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T21:51:41Z","timestamp":1778277101255,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,19]],"date-time":"2022-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642550400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Investment ID OPP1176784"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Investment ID OPP1176784"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"UK Government through GALVmed","award":["Project 203188-101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project 203188-101"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>East Coast Fever (ECF), caused by Theileria parva, is a major constraint to improved livestock keeping in east and central Africa, including Zambia. To understand the dynamics and determine the candidates for immunization in Zambia\u2019s Chongwe and Chisamba districts, a combination of Tp1 and Tp2 gene sequencing and microsatellite analysis using nine markers was conducted from which an abundance of Muguga, Kiambu, Serengeti and Katete epitopes in the field samples was obtained. Phylogenetic analysis showed six (Tp1) and three (Tp2) clusters with an absence of geographical origin clustering. The majority of haplotypes were related to Muguga, Kiambu, Serengeti and Katete, and only a few were related to Chitongo. Both antigens showed purifying selection with an absence of positive selection sites. Furthermore, low to moderate genetic differentiation was observed among and within the populations, and when vaccine stocks were compared with field samples, Chongwe samples showed more similarity to Katete and less to Chitongo, while Chisamba samples showed similarity to both Katete and Chitongo and not to Muguga, Kiambu or Serengeti. We conclude that the use of Katete stock for immunization trials in both Chongwe and Chisamba districts might produce desirable protection against ECF.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11020114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,19]],"date-time":"2022-01-19T21:01:51Z","timestamp":1642626111000},"page":"114","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Sequence Diversity of Tp1 and Tp2 Antigens and Population Genetic Analysis of Theileria parva in Unvaccinated Cattle in Zambia\u2019s Chongwe and Chisamba Districts"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8874-3965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Walter","family":"Muleya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6605-0076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David Kalenzi","family":"Atuhaire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases, Lilongwe, Malawi"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zachariah","family":"Mupila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Mbao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Office, International Development Research Centre, Nairobi 00200, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Purity","family":"Mayembe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Lusaka 50060, Zambia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sydney","family":"Kalenga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Lusaka 50060, Zambia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Fandamu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Lusaka 50060, Zambia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Boniface","family":"Namangala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paraclinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeremy","family":"Salt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Alliance for Livestock Veterinary Medicines, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antony Jim","family":"Musoke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LMK Medical Laboratories and Consultancies, Kampala P.O. Box 33686, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000079221","article-title":"Transmission of Theileria parva to cattle by Rhipicephalus appendiculatus adults fed as nymphae in vitro on infected blood through an artificial membrane","volume":"107","author":"Waladde","year":"1993","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"289","article-title":"Observations on the resistance of Jersey-Nganda calves to east coast fever (Theileria parva)","volume":"11","author":"Guilbride","year":"1963","journal-title":"Bull. Epizoot. Dis. 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