{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T23:33:16Z","timestamp":1784158396604,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]],"date-time":"2022-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643241600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Children with recurrent abdominal pain may be suffering from a Helicobacterpylori (HP) infection. The gold standard for confirming HP gastritis is histological evaluation and microbiological tests performed on specimens collected by esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD). The aim of this study was to analyze HP positive cultures and antibiograms with regard to clinical and histopathological correlates. The data of 124 subjects with frequent gastrointestinal symptoms who underwent an EGD were retrospectively collected and analyzed. The mean age of the patients was 13 \u00b1 3.6 years. The most frequent complaints were epigastric pain (84%; n = 100\/119) and dyspepsia (79%; n = 94\/119). HP gastritis was diagnosed in 54% (n = 67). Interestingly, 40% (n = 49) of the isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic: amoxicillin (20%; n = 10\/49), clarithromycin (45%; n = 22\/49), or metronidazole (59%; n = 29\/49). Isolates were resistant to two or more antibiotics in 16% (n = 20) of cases. In conclusion, we revealed remarkably high resistance rates to amoxicillin, metronidazole, and clarithromycin in our cohort. The presence of antibiotic resistance to more than one antibiotic was substantially increased in our HP-infected patients and this may negatively affect eradication treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11020178","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]],"date-time":"2022-01-27T22:00:56Z","timestamp":1643320856000},"page":"178","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Increased Antibiotic Resistance in Children with Helicobacter pylori Infection: A Retrospective Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Luca","family":"Helmbold","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Center for Clinical and Translational Research (CCTR), Helios University Hospital Wuppertal, Witten\/Herdecke University, 42283 Wuppertal, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7640-0375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beniam","family":"Ghebremedhin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics, Center for Clinical and Translational Research (CCTR), Helios University Hospital Wuppertal, Witten\/Herdecke University, 42283 Wuppertal, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aliyah","family":"Bellm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helios Hospital Krefeld, Children\u2019s Hospital, Teaching Hospital of RTWH University Hospital Aachen, 47805 Krefeld, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc A.","family":"Hopkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Center for Clinical and Translational Research (CCTR), Helios University Hospital Wuppertal, Witten\/Herdecke University, 42283 Wuppertal, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Wirth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Center for Clinical and Translational Research (CCTR), Helios University Hospital Wuppertal, Witten\/Herdecke University, 42283 Wuppertal, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malik","family":"Aydin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Center for Clinical and Translational Research (CCTR), Helios University Hospital Wuppertal, Witten\/Herdecke University, 42283 Wuppertal, Germany"},{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Pediatric Pneumology and Allergology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research, School of Life Sciences (ZBAF), Faculty of Health, Witten\/Herdecke University, 58455 Witten, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000001594","article-title":"Joint ESPGHAN\/NASPGHAN Guidelines for the Management of Helicobacter pylori in Children and Adolescents (Update 2016)","volume":"64","author":"Jones","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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