{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T17:43:25Z","timestamp":1792086205980,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,28]],"date-time":"2022-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643328000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001321","name":"National Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["113036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["113036"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Toxoplasma gondii is an apicomplexan parasite with zoonotic importance worldwide especially in pregnant women and immunocompromised people. This study is set to review the literature on T. gondii infections in humans and animals in southern Africa. Methods: We extracted data regarding T.\u00a0gondii infections from published articles from southern Africa from 1955 to 2020 from four databases, namely Google Scholar, PubMed, EBSCO Host, and Science Direct. Forty articles from eight southern African countries were found eligible for the study. Results: This review revealed a paucity of information on T. gondii infection in southern African countries, with an overall prevalence of 17% (95% CI: 7\u201329%). Domestic felids had a prevalence of 29% (95% CI: 7\u201354%), wild felids 79% (95% CI: 60\u201394), canids (domestic and wild) 69% (95% CI: 38\u201396%), cattle 20% (95% CI: 5\u201339%), pigs 13% (95% CI: 1\u201329%), small ruminants (goats and sheep) 11% (95% CI: 0\u201331%), chicken and birds 22% (95% CI: 0\u201384%), and humans 14% (95% CI: 5\u201325%). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) constituted the most frequently used diagnostic tests for T. gondii. Conclusions: We recommend more focused studies be conducted on the epidemiology of T. gondii in the environment, food animals and human population, most especially the at-risk populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11020183","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,29]],"date-time":"2022-01-29T05:26:17Z","timestamp":1643433977000},"page":"183","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Toxoplasma gondii Infections in Animals and Humans in Southern Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Adejumoke O.","family":"Omonijo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Federal University Oye, Oye-Ekiti 370112, Nigeria"},{"name":"School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8144-0248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chester","family":"Kalinda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bill and Joyce Cummings Institute of Global Health, University of Global Health Equity (UGHE), Kigali Heights, KG 7 Ave., Kigali P.O. Box 6955, Rwanda"},{"name":"Howard College Campus, School of Nursing and Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa"},{"name":"Institute of Global Health Equity Research (IGHER), University of Global Health Equity (UGHE), Kigali Heights, KG 7 Ave., Kigali P.O. Box 6955, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6843-1497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samson","family":"Mukaratirwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa"},{"name":"One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical and Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre KN0101, Saint Kitts and Nevis"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2017.194-208","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii infection in meat animals from Africa: Systematic review and meta-analysis of sero-epidemiological studies","volume":"10","author":"Tonouhewa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. 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