{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T17:47:31Z","timestamp":1770745651669,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Programa de Apoyos a Proyectos de Investigaci\u00f3n e Innovaci\u00f3n Tecnol\u00f3gica (PAPIIT) from Direc-ci\u00f3n General de Asuntos del Personal Acad\u00e9mico (DGAPA), UNAM and CONACYT","award":["Grant IN-209719 and FC-2016-2125"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant IN-209719 and FC-2016-2125"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The interaction of the nervous, immune, and endocrine systems is crucial in maintaining homeostasis in vertebrates, and vital in mammals. The spleen is a key organ that regulates the neuroimmunoendocrine system. The Taenia crassiceps mouse system is an excellent experimental model to study the complex host\u2013parasite relationship, particularly sex-associated susceptibility to infection. The present study aimed to determine the changes in neurotransmitters, cytokines, sex steroids, and sex-steroid receptors in the spleen of cysticercus-infected male and female mice and whole parasite counts. We found that parasite load was higher in females in comparison to male mice. The levels of the neurotransmitter epinephrine were significantly decreased in infected male animals. The expression of IL-2 and IL-4 in the spleen was markedly increased in infected mice; however, the expression of Interleukin (IL)-10 and interferon (IFN)-\u03b3 decreased. We also observed sex-associated differences between non-infected and infected mice. Interestingly, the data show that estradiol levels increased in infected males but decreased in females. Our studies provide evidence that infection leads to changes in neuroimmunoendocrine molecules in the spleen, and these changes are dimorphic and impact the establishment, growth, and reproduction of T. crassiceps. Our findings support the critical role of the neuroimmunoendocrine network in determining sex-associated susceptibility to the helminth parasite.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11030308","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T21:25:14Z","timestamp":1646169914000},"page":"308","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Sexual Dimorphism of the Neuroimmunoendocrine Response in the Spleen during a Helminth Infection: A New Role for an Old Player?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2223-6703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen Elizabeth","family":"Nava-Castro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Biolog\u00eda y Qu\u00edmica Atmosf\u00e9rica, Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Instituto de Ciencias de la Atm\u00f3sfera y Cambio Clim\u00e1tico, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6067-6868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lenin","family":"Pav\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Psychoimmunology, National Institute of Psychiatry \u201cRam\u00f3n de la Fuente Mu\u00f1iz\u201d, Mexico City 14370, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7210-9775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis Enrique","family":"Becerril-Villanueva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Psychoimmunology, National Institute of Psychiatry \u201cRam\u00f3n de la Fuente Mu\u00f1iz\u201d, Mexico City 14370, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Dolores","family":"Ponce-Regalado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Universitario de los Altos, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco 47610, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6497-6462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo","family":"Aguilar-D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Disciplinarias en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales Agr\u00edcolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), Morelos 50550, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4783-9474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana","family":"Segovia-Mendoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Farmacolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Ciudad de Mexico 00810, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9461-610X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Morales-Montor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Inmunolog\u00eda, Instituto de Investigaciones Biom\u00e9dicas, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"131","article-title":"Experimental cysticercosis by Taenia crassiceps in mice: Factors involved in susceptibility","volume":"57","author":"Larralde","year":"1989","journal-title":"Acta Leiden"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"926","article-title":"Immunodiagnosis of human cysticercosis in cerebrospinal fluid. 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