{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:09:25Z","timestamp":1792789765973,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,9]],"date-time":"2022-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646784000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ohyama Health Foundation Inc.","award":["2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Animal African trypanosomosis (AAT) leads to emaciation and low productivity in infected animals. Only six drugs are commercially available against AAT; they have severe side effects and face parasite resistance. Thus, the development of novel trypanocidal drugs is urgently needed. Nitrofurantoin, an antimicrobial, is used for treating bacterial urinary tract infections. Recently, we reported the trypanocidal effects of nitrofurantoin and its analogs in vitro. Furthermore, a nitrofurantoin analog, nifurtimox, is currently used to treat Chagas disease and chronic human African trypanosomiasis. Thus, this study was aimed at evaluating the in vivo efficacy of nitrofurantoin in treating AAT caused by Trypanosoma congolense. Nitrofurantoin was orally administered for 7 consecutive days from 4 days post-infection in T. congolense-infected mice, and the animals were observed for 28 days. Compared to the control group, the treatment group showed significantly suppressed parasitemia at 6 days post-infection. Furthermore, survival was significantly prolonged in the group treated with at least 10 mg\/kg nitrofurantoin. Moreover, 100% survival and cure was achieved with a dose of nitrofurantoin higher than 30 mg\/kg. Thus, oral nitrofurantoin administration has potential trypanocidal efficacy against T. congolense-induced AAT. This preliminary data will serve as a benchmark when comparing future nitrofurantoin-related compounds, which can overcome the significant shortcomings of nitrofurantoin that preclude its viable use in livestock.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11030331","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,9]],"date-time":"2022-03-09T01:53:54Z","timestamp":1646790834000},"page":"331","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Therapeutic Efficacy of Orally Administered Nitrofurantoin against Animal African Trypanosomosis Caused by Trypanosoma congolense Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Keisuke","family":"Suganuma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"OIE Reference Laboratory for Surra, National Research Centre for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 80-8555, Japan"},{"name":"Research Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2327-0551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David D.","family":"N\u2019Da","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences (PHARMACEN), North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ken-ichi","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Japan"},{"name":"Veterinary Pathology, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yusuke","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Pathology, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6902-3890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ehab","family":"Mossaad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"OIE Reference Laboratory for Surra, National Research Centre for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 80-8555, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Parasitology and Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum P.O. Box 204, Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Afraa","family":"Elata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"OIE Reference Laboratory for Surra, National Research Centre for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 80-8555, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum 13314, Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noboru","family":"Inoue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"OIE Reference Laboratory for Surra, National Research Centre for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 80-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shin-ichiro","family":"Kawazu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Centre for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1862","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182016001268","article-title":"The Animal Trypanosomiases and Their Chemotherapy: A Review","volume":"143","author":"Giordani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2016.04.012","article-title":"Animal African Trypanosomiasis: Time to Increase Focus on Clinically Relevant Parasite and Host Species","volume":"32","author":"Morrison","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-017-1280-1","article-title":"Dourine: A Neglected Disease of Equids","volume":"49","author":"Gizaw","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trop. 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