{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T09:11:48Z","timestamp":1790673108688,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,9]],"date-time":"2022-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646784000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Benzimidazoles are the only approved drugs for the treatment of inoperable human alveolar echinococcosis but may be limited due to intolerance or, rarely, ineffectiveness. A medical second-line or salvage therapy is not available, though it is urgently needed. We report long-term follow-up data from 14 patients who underwent salvage therapy with repurposed drugs with cumulatively 53.25 patient-years. Treatment response was evaluated by both clinical outcome and image studies, preferably PET\/CT. Eleven patients received amphotericin B, and 70% of evaluable cases showed some positive treatment response, but side effects often limited therapy. Five patients received nitazoxanide, of which two showed clear progression but one achieved a lasting stable disease. One patient was treated with mefloquine combination therapy in advanced disease, and overall, a positive treatment response could not be assessed. Furthermore, we report on one patient receiving pembrolizumab for a concomitant malignancy, which did not result in a reduction of echinococcal manifestation. In summary, current options of salvage therapy can sometimes induce persistent disease control, although with potentially significant side effects and high treatment costs, and mortality remains high. No clear recommendation for a salvage therapy can be given; treatment remains highly experimental, and non-pharmaceutical interventions have to be considered.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11030333","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]],"date-time":"2022-03-10T02:10:35Z","timestamp":1646878235000},"page":"333","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Salvage Therapy for Alveolar Echinococcosis\u2014A Case Series"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9961-4170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanne","family":"Burkert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine III, Division for Infectious Diseases, Ulm University Hospital, 89081 Ulm, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynn","family":"Peters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine III, Division for Infectious Diseases, Ulm University Hospital, 89081 Ulm, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1433-9702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johannes","family":"Bloehdorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine III, Division for Infectious Diseases, Ulm University Hospital, 89081 Ulm, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6669-3741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beate","family":"Gr\u00fcner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine III, Division for Infectious Diseases, Ulm University Hospital, 89081 Ulm, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2016.11.002","article-title":"Ecology and Life Cycle Patterns of Echinococcus Species","volume":"Volume 95","author":"Romig","year":"2017","journal-title":"Advances in Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.17.1.107-135.2004","article-title":"Biological, Epidemiological, and Clinical Aspects of Echinococcosis, a Zoonosis of Increasing Concern","volume":"17","author":"Eckert","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. 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