{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T01:34:52Z","timestamp":1786498492346,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,12]],"date-time":"2022-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647043200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004681","name":"Higher Education Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["112-26842-2BM1-406"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["112-26842-2BM1-406"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004681","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fusarium wilt has ruined banana production and poses a major threat to its industry because of highly virulent Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc) race 4. The present study focused on the efficacy of Pinus wallachiana leaf extracts and its organic fractions against Foc in in vitro and greenhouse experiments. The presence of polyphenols in the fractions was also investigated using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The in vitro tests carried out for the leaf extract of P. wallachiana showed its inhibitory effect on the mycelial growth and, based on this evidence, further characterization of fractions were done. Complete mycelial inhibition and the highest zone of inhibition against Foc was observed for the n-butanol fraction in vitro, while the n-hexane and dichloromethane fractions showed lower disease severity index (DSI) in greenhouse experiments. The fractions were further analysed by HPLC using nine polyphenolic standards, namely quercitin, myrecitin, kaempferol, rutin, gallic acid, trans-ferulic acid, coumeric acid, epicatechin and catechin. The highest content of polyphenols, based on standards used, was quantified in the n-butanol fraction followed by the ethyl acetate fraction of the leaf extract. This is the first report of antimicrobial activity of Pinus wallachiana extracts against Foc to the best of our knowledge.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11030347","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,13]],"date-time":"2022-03-13T21:44:17Z","timestamp":1647207857000},"page":"347","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Antimicrobial Activity of Pinus wallachiana Leaf Extracts against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense and Analysis of Its Fractions by HPLC"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Qurat Ul","family":"Ain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"PARC Institute of Advanced Studies in Agriculture, National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad 45500, Pakistan"},{"name":"Crop Diseases Research Institute, National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad 45500, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahzad","family":"Asad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Crop Diseases Research Institute, National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad 45500, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karam","family":"Ahad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad 45500, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Naeem","family":"Safdar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Science Research Institute, National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad 45500, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9080-6523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Atif","family":"Jamal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Crop Diseases Research Institute, National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad 45500, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1126\/science.322.5904.1046","article-title":"Plant genomics. 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