{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T01:47:00Z","timestamp":1791942420002,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,21]],"date-time":"2022-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647820800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The intracellular pathogens of the genus Brucella are phylogenetically close to Ochrobactrum, a diverse group of free-living bacteria with a few species occasionally infecting medically compromised patients. A group of taxonomists recently included all Ochrobactrum organisms in the genus Brucella based on global genome analyses and alleged equivalences with genera such as Mycobacterium. Here, we demonstrate that such equivalencies are incorrect because they overlook the complexities of pathogenicity. By summarizing Brucella and Ochrobactrum divergences in lifestyle, structure, physiology, population, closed versus open pangenomes, genomic traits, and pathogenicity, we show that when they are adequately understood, they are highly relevant in taxonomy and not unidimensional quantitative characters. Thus, the Ochrobactrum and Brucella differences are not limited to their assignments to different \u201crisk-groups\u201d, a biologically (and hence, taxonomically) oversimplified description that, moreover, does not support ignoring the nomen periculosum rule, as proposed. Since the epidemiology, prophylaxis, diagnosis, and treatment are thoroughly unrelated, merging free-living Ochrobactrum organisms with highly pathogenic Brucella organisms brings evident risks for veterinarians, medical doctors, and public health authorities who confront brucellosis, a significant zoonosis worldwide. Therefore, from taxonomical and practical standpoints, the Brucella and Ochrobactrum genera must be maintained apart. Consequently, we urge researchers, culture collections, and databases to keep their canonical nomenclature.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11030377","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,21]],"date-time":"2022-03-21T21:48:42Z","timestamp":1647899322000},"page":"377","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Pathogenicity and Its Implications in Taxonomy: The Brucella and Ochrobactrum Case"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8771-3959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edgardo","family":"Moreno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia 40101, Costa Rica"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda","family":"Blasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y Tecnolog\u00eda Agroalimentaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Arag\u00f3n, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5838-0224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean Jacques","family":"Letesson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Recherche en Biologie des Microorganismes, Faculty of Science, University of Namur, 5000 Namur, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2829-9804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean Pierre","family":"Gorvel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre d\u2019Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix-Marseille Universit\u00e9, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, 13009 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4288-0195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ignacio","family":"Moriy\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Salud Tropical y Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda y Parasitolog\u00eda, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fuaa045","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuaa045","article-title":"The one hundred year journey of the genus Brucella (Meyer and Shaw 1920)","volume":"45","author":"Moreno","year":"2020","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. 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