{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T16:55:57Z","timestamp":1791046557624,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]],"date-time":"2022-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648598400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Academia Sinica Investigator Award","award":["AS-IA-110-L04 to Y.J.C."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AS-IA-110-L04 to Y.J.C."]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004737","name":"National Health Research Institutes","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NHRI-EX110-10836SI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NHRI-EX110-10836SI"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004737","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Staphylococcus aureus is a gram-positive bacterium commonly found on humans, and it constitutes the skin microbiota. Presence of S. aureus in healthy individuals usually does not pose any threat, as the human body is equipped with many mechanisms to prevent pathogen invasion and infection. However, colonization of S. aureus has been correlated with many healthcare-associated infections, and has been found in people with atopic diseases. In atopic dermatitis, constant fluctuations due to inflammation of the epidermal and mucosal barriers can cause structural changes and allow foreign antigens and pathogens to bypass the first line of defense of the innate system. As they persist, S. aureus can secrete various virulence factors to enhance their survival by host invasion and evasion mechanisms. In response, epithelial cells can release damage-associated molecular patterns, or alarmins such as TSLP, IL-25, IL-33, and chemokines, to recruit innate and adaptive immune cells to cause inflammation. Until recently, IL-36 had been found to play an important role in modulating atopic dermatitis. Secretion of IL-36 from keratinocytes can activate a Th2 independent pathway to trigger symptoms of allergic reaction resulting in clinical manifestations. This mini review aims to summarize the immunomodulatory roles of S. aureus virulence factors and how they contribute to the pathogenesis of atopic diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11040422","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]],"date-time":"2022-03-30T21:28:39Z","timestamp":1648675719000},"page":"422","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Immunomodulatory Role of Staphylococcus aureus in Atopic Dermatitis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Ethan Jachen","family":"Chung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115024, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chia-Hui","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115024, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina Li-Ping","family":"Thio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115024, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ya-Jen","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115024, Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Translational Medicine and New Drug Development, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00149-X","article-title":"Atopic dermatitis","volume":"387","author":"Weidinger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1097\/01.all.0000162306.12728.c2","article-title":"The role of genetics in the development of asthma and atopy","volume":"5","author":"Blumenthal","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. 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